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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 202: * The output of 'systemctl list-jobs' got some polishing. The '--type=' argument may now be passed more than once. A new command 'systemctl list-sockets' has been added which shows a list of kernel sockets systemd is listening on with the socket units they belong to, plus the units these socket units activate. * The experimental libsystemd-bus library got substantial updates to work in conjunction with the (also experimental) kdbus kernel project. It works well enough to exchange messages with some sophistication. Note that kdbus is not ready yet, and the library is mostly an elaborate test case for now, and not installable. * systemd gained a new unit 'systemd-static-nodes.service' that generates static device nodes earlier during boot, and can run in conjunction with udev. * libsystemd-login gained a new call sd_pid_get_user_unit() to retrieve the user systemd unit a process is running in. This is useful for systems where systemd is used as session manager. * systemd-nspawn now places all containers in the new /machine top-level cgroup directory in the name=systemd hierarchy. libvirt will soon do the same, so that we get a uniform separation of /system, /user and /machine for system services, user processes and containers/virtual machines. This new cgroup hierarchy is also useful to stick stable names to specific container instances, which can be recognized later this way (this name may be controlled via systemd-nspawn's new -M switch). libsystemd-login also gained a new call sd_pid_get_machine_name() to retrieve the name of the container/VM a specific process belongs to. * bootchart can now store its data in the journal. * libsystemd-journal gained a new call sd_journal_add_conjunction() for AND expressions to the matching logic. This can be used to express more complex logical expressions. * journactl can now take multiple --unit= and --user-unit= switches. * The cryptsetup logic now understands the "luks.key=" kernel command line switch for specifying a file to read the decryption key from. Also, if a configured key file is not found the tool will now automatically fall back to prompting the user. Contributions from: Anatol Pomozov, Auke Kok, Harald Hoyer, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas Marius Vollmer, Martin Jansa, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Mirco Tischler, Pali Rohar, Simon Peeters, Steven Hiscocks, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 201: * journalctl --update-catalog now understands a new --root= option to operate on catalogs found in a different root directory. * During shutdown after systemd has terminated all running services a final killing loop kills all remaining left-over processes. We will now print the name of these processes when we send SIGKILL to them, since this usually indicates a problem. * If /etc/crypttab refers to password files stored on configured mount points automatic dependencies will now be generated to ensure the specific mount is established first before the key file is attempted to be read. * 'systemctl status' will now show information about the network sockets a socket unit is listening on. * 'systemctl status' will also shown information about any drop-in configuration file for units. (Drop-In configuration files in this context are files such as /etc/systemd/systemd/foobar.service.d/*.conf) * systemd-cgtop now optionally shows summed up CPU times of cgroups. Press '%' while running cgtop to switch between percentage and absolute mode. This is useful to determine which cgroups use up the most CPU time over the entire runtime of the system. systemd-cgtop has also been updated to be 'pipeable' for processing with further shell tools. * 'hostnamectl set-hostname' will now allow setting of FQDN hostnames. * The formatting and parsing of time span values has been changed. The parser now understands fractional expressions such as "5.5h". The formatter will now output fractional expressions for all time spans under 1min, i.e. "5.123456s" rather than "5s 123ms 456us". For time spans under 1s millisecond values are shown, for those under 1ms microsecond values are shown. This should greatly improve all time-related output of systemd. * libsystemd-login and libsystemd-journal gained new functions for querying the poll() events mask and poll() timeout value for integration into arbitrary event loops. * localectl gained the ability to list available X11 keymaps (models, layouts, variants, options). * 'systemd-analyze dot' gained the ability to filter for specific units via shell-style globs, to create smaller, more useful graphs. I.e. it's now possible to create simple graphs of all the dependencies between only target units, or of all units that Avahi has dependencies with. Contributions from: Cristian Rodríguez, Dr. Tilmann Bubeck, Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers, Kelly Anderson, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Maksim Melnikau, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marius Vollmer, Martin Pitt, Michal Schmidt, Oleksii Shevchuk, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie, Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Weißschuh, Umut Tezduyar, Václav Pavlín, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Łukasz Stelmach CHANGES WITH 200: * The boot-time readahead implementation for rotating media will now read the read-ahead data in multiple passes which consist of all read requests made in equidistant time intervals. This means instead of strictly reading read-ahead data in its physical order on disk we now try to find a middle ground between physical and access time order. * /etc/os-release files gained a new BUILD_ID= field for usage on operating systems that provide continuous builds of OS images. Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin Pitt, Václav Pavlín William Douglas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 199: * systemd-python gained an API exposing libsystemd-daemon. * The SMACK setup logic gained support for uploading CIPSO security policy. * Behaviour of PrivateTmp=, ReadWriteDirectories=, ReadOnlyDirectories= and InaccessibleDirectories= has changed. The private /tmp and /var/tmp directories are now shared by all processes of a service (which means ExecStartPre= may now leave data in /tmp that ExecStart= of the same service can still access). When a service is stopped its temporary directories are immediately deleted (normal clean-up with tmpfiles is still done in addition to this though). * By default, systemd will now set a couple of sysctl variables in the kernel: the safe sysrq options are turned on, IP route verification is turned on, and source routing disabled. The recently added hardlink and softlink protection of the kernel is turned on. These settings should be reasonably safe, and good defaults for all new systems. * The predictable network naming logic may now be turned off with a new kernel command line switch: net.ifnames=0. * A new libsystemd-bus module has been added that implements a pretty complete D-Bus client library. For details see: http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2013-March/009797.html * journald will now explicitly flush the journal files to disk at the latest 5min after each write. The file will then also be marked offline until the next write. This should increase reliability in case of a crash. The synchronization delay can be configured via SyncIntervalSec= in journald.conf. * There's a new remote-fs-setup.target unit that can be used to pull in specific services when at least one remote file system is to be mounted. * There are new targets timers.target and paths.target as canonical targets to pull user timer and path units in from. This complements sockets.target with a similar purpose for socket units. * libudev gained a new call udev_device_set_attribute_value() to set sysfs attributes of a device. * The udev daemon now sets the default number of worker processes executed in parallel based on the number of available CPUs instead of the amount of available RAM. This is supposed to provide a more reliable default and limit a too aggressive paralellism for setups with 1000s of devices connected. Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dave Reisner, Frederic Crozat, Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan Engelhardt, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Mathieu Bridon, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nathaniel Chen, Oleksii Shevchuk, Ozan Çağlayan, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 198: * Configuration of unit files may now be extended via drop-in files without having to edit/override the unit files themselves. More specifically, if the administrator wants to change one value for a service file foobar.service he can now do so by dropping in a configuration snippet into /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/*.conf. The unit logic will load all these snippets and apply them on top of the main unit configuration file, possibly extending or overriding its settings. Using these drop-in snippets is generally nicer than the two earlier options for changing unit files locally: copying the files from /usr/lib/systemd/system/ to /etc/systemd/system/ and editing them there; or creating a new file in /etc/systemd/system/ that incorporates the original one via ".include". Drop-in snippets into these .d/ directories can be placed in any directory systemd looks for units in, and the usual overriding semantics between /usr/lib, /etc and /run apply for them too. * Most unit file settings which take lists of items can now be reset by assigning the empty string to them. For example, normally, settings such as Environment=FOO=BAR append a new environment variable assignment to the environment block, each time they are used. By assigning Environment= the empty string the environment block can be reset to empty. This is particularly useful with the .d/*.conf drop-in snippets mentioned above, since this adds the ability to reset list settings from vendor unit files via these drop-ins. * systemctl gained a new "list-dependencies" command for listing the dependencies of a unit recursively. * Inhibitors are now honored and listed by "systemctl suspend", "systemctl poweroff" (and similar) too, not only GNOME. These commands will also list active sessions by other users. * Resource limits (as exposed by the various control group controllers) can now be controlled dynamically at runtime for all units. More specifically, you can now use a command like "systemctl set-cgroup-attr foobar.service cpu.shares 2000" to alter the CPU shares a specific service gets. These settings are stored persistently on disk, and thus allow the administrator to easily adjust the resource usage of services with a few simple commands. This dynamic resource management logic is also available to other programs via the bus. Almost any kernel cgroup attribute and controller is supported. * systemd-vconsole-setup will now copy all font settings to all allocated VTs, where it previously applied them only to the foreground VT. * libsystemd-login gained the new sd_session_get_tty() API call. * This release drops support for a few legacy or distribution-specific LSB facility names when parsing init scripts: $x-display-manager, $mail-transfer-agent, $mail-transport-agent, $mail-transfer-agent, $smtp, $null. Also, the mail-transfer-agent.target unit backing this has been removed. Distributions which want to retain compatibility with this should carry the burden for supporting this themselves and patch support for these back in, if they really need to. Also, the facilities $syslog and $local_fs are now ignored, since systemd does not support early-boot LSB init scripts anymore, and these facilities are implied anyway for normal services. syslog.target has also been removed. * There are new bus calls on PID1's Manager object for cancelling jobs, and removing snapshot units. Previously, both calls were only available on the Job and Snapshot objects themselves. * systemd-journal-gatewayd gained SSL support. * The various "environment" files, such as /etc/locale.conf now support continuation lines with a backslash ("\") as last character in the line, similar in style (but different) to how this is supported in shells. * For normal user processes the _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT= field is now implicitly appended to every log entry logged. systemctl has been updated to filter by this field when operating on a user systemd instance. * nspawn will now implicitly add the CAP_AUDIT_WRITE and CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL capabilities to the capabilities set for the container. This makes it easier to boot unmodified Fedora systems in a container, which however still requires audit=0 to be passed on the kernel command line. Auditing in kernel and userspace is unfortunately still too broken in context of containers, hence we recommend compiling it out of the kernel or using audit=0. Hopefully this will be fixed one day for good in the kernel. * nspawn gained the new --bind= and --bind-ro= parameters to bind mount specific directories from the host into the container. * nspawn will now mount its own devpts file system instance into the container, in order not to leak pty devices from the host into the container. * systemd will now read the firmware boot time performance information from the EFI variables, if the used boot loader supports this, and takes it into account for boot performance analysis via "systemd-analyze". This is currently supported only in conjunction with Gummiboot, but could be supported by other boot loaders too. For details see: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/BootLoaderInterface * A new generator has been added that automatically mounts the EFI System Partition (ESP) to /boot, if that directory exists, is empty, and no other file system has been configured to be mounted there. * logind will now send out PrepareForSleep(false) out unconditionally, after coming back from suspend. This may be used by applications as asynchronous notification for system resume events. * "systemctl unlock-sessions" has been added, that allows unlocking the screens of all user sessions at once, similar how "systemctl lock-sessions" already locked all users sessions. This is backed by a new D-Bus call UnlockSessions(). * "loginctl seat-status" will now show the master device of a seat. (i.e. the device of a seat that needs to be around for the seat to be considered available, usually the graphics card). * tmpfiles gained a new "X" line type, that allows configuration of files and directories (with wildcards) that shall be excluded from automatic cleanup ("aging"). * udev default rules set the device node permissions now only at "add" events, and do not change them any longer with a later "change" event. * The log messages for lid events and power/sleep keypresses now carry a message ID. * We now have a substantially larger unit test suite, but this continues to be work in progress. * udevadm hwdb gained a new --root= parameter to change the root directory to operate relative to. * logind will now issue a background sync() request to the kernel early at shutdown, so that dirty buffers are flushed to disk early instead of at the last moment, in order to optimize shutdown times a little. * A new bootctl tool has been added that is an interface for certain boot loader operations. This is currently a preview and is likely to be extended into a small mechanism daemon like timedated, localed, hostnamed, and can be used by graphical UIs to enumerate available boot options, and request boot into firmware operations. * systemd-bootchart has been relicensed to LGPLv2.1+ to match the rest of the package. It also has been updated to work correctly in initrds. * Policykit previously has been runtime optional, and is now also compile time optional via a configure switch. * systemd-analyze has been reimplemented in C. Also "systemctl dot" has moved into systemd-analyze. * "systemctl status" with no further parameters will now print the status of all active or failed units. * Operations such as "systemctl start" can now be executed with a new mode "--irreversible" which may be used to queue operations that cannot accidentally be reversed by a later job queuing. This is by default used to make shutdown requests more robust. * The Python API of systemd now gained a new module for reading journal files. * A new tool kernel-install has been added that can install kernel images according to the Boot Loader Specification: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec * Boot time console output has been improved to provide animated boot time output for hanging jobs. * A new tool systemd-activate has been added which can be used to test socket activation with, directly from the command line. This should make it much easier to test and debug socket activation in daemons. * journalctl gained a new "--reverse" (or -r) option to show journal output in reverse order (i.e. newest line first). * journalctl gained a new "--pager-end" (or -e) option to jump to immediately jump to the end of the journal in the pager. This is only supported in conjunction with "less". * journalctl gained a new "--user-unit=" option, that works similar to "--unit=" but filters for user units rather than system units. * A number of unit files to ease adoption of systemd in initrds has been added. This moves some minimal logic from the various initrd implementations into systemd proper. * The journal files are now owned by a new group "systemd-journal", which exists specifically to allow access to the journal, and nothing else. Previously, we used the "adm" group for that, which however possibly covers more than just journal/log file access. This new group is now already used by systemd-journal-gatewayd to ensure this daemon gets access to the journal files and as little else as possible. Note that "make install" will also set FS ACLs up for /var/log/journal to give "adm" and "wheel" read access to it, in addition to "systemd-journal" which owns the journal files. We recommend that packaging scripts also add read access to "adm" + "wheel" to /var/log/journal, and all existing/future journal files. To normal users and administrators little changes, however packagers need to ensure to create the "systemd-journal" system group at package installation time. * The systemd-journal-gatewayd now runs as unprivileged user systemd-journal-gateway:systemd-journal-gateway. Packaging scripts need to create these system user/group at installation time. * timedated now exposes a new boolean property CanNTP that indicates whether a local NTP service is available or not. * systemd-detect-virt will now also detect xen PVs * The pstore file system is now mounted by default, if it is available. * In addition to the SELinux and IMA policies we will now also load SMACK policies at early boot. Contributions from: Adel Gadllah, Aleksander Morgado, Auke Kok, Ayan George, Bastien Nocera, Colin Walters, Daniel Buch, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Enrico Scholz, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer, Jan Janssen, Jonathan Callen, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Max F. Albrecht, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michal Vyskocil, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel Chen, Nestor Ovroy, Oleksii Shevchuk, Paul W. Frields, Piotr Drąg, Rob Clark, Ryan Lortie, Simon McVittie, Simon Peeters, Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, William Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak) CHANGES WITH 197: * Timer units now support calendar time events in addition to monotonic time events. That means you can now trigger a unit based on a calendar time specification such as "Thu,Fri 2013-*-1,5 11:12:13" which refers to 11:12:13 of the first or fifth day of any month of the year 2013, given that it is a thursday or friday. This brings timer event support considerably closer to cron's capabilities. For details on the supported calendar time specification language see systemd.time(7). * udev now supports a number of different naming policies for network interfaces for predictable names, and a combination of these policies is now the default. Please see this wiki document for details: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames * Auke Kok's bootchart implementation has been added to the systemd tree. It's an optional component that can graph the boot in quite some detail. It's one of the best bootchart implementations around and minimal in its code and dependencies. * nss-myhostname has been integrated into the systemd source tree. nss-myhostname guarantees that the local hostname always stays resolvable via NSS. It has been a weak requirement of systemd-hostnamed since a long time, and since its code is actually trivial we decided to just include it in systemd's source tree. It can be turned off with a configure switch. * The read-ahead logic is now capable of properly detecting whether a btrfs file system is on SSD or rotating media, in order to optimize the read-ahead scheme. Previously, it was only capable of detecting this on traditional file systems such as ext4. * In udev, additional device properties are now read from the IAB in addition to the OUI database. Also, Bluetooth company identities are attached to the devices as well. * In service files %U may be used as specifier that is replaced by the configured user name of the service. * nspawn may now be invoked without a controlling TTY. This makes it suitable for invocation as its own service. This may be used to set up a simple containerized server system using only core OS tools. * systemd and nspawn can now accept socket file descriptors when they are started for socket activation. This enables implementation of socket activated nspawn containers. i.e. think about autospawning an entire OS image when the first SSH or HTTP connection is received. We expect that similar functionality will also be added to libvirt-lxc eventually. * journalctl will now suppress ANSI color codes when presenting log data. * systemctl will no longer show control group information for a unit if a the control group is empty anyway. * logind can now automatically suspend/hibernate/shutdown the system on idle. * /etc/machine-info and hostnamed now also expose the chassis type of the system. This can be used to determine whether the local system is a laptop, desktop, handset or tablet. This information may either be configured by the user/vendor or is automatically determined from ACPI and DMI information if possible. * A number of PolicyKit actions are now bound together with "imply" rules. This should simplify creating UIs because many actions will now authenticate similar ones as well. * Unit files learnt a new condition ConditionACPower= which may be used to conditionalize a unit depending on whether an AC power source is connected or not, of whether the system is running on battery power. * systemctl gained a new "is-failed" verb that may be used in shell scripts and suchlike to check whether a specific unit is in the "failed" state. * The EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now supports file globbing, and can hence be used to easily read a number of environment files at once. * systemd will no longer detect and recognize specific distributions. All distribution-specific #ifdeffery has been removed, systemd is now fully generic and distribution-agnostic. Effectively, not too much is lost as a lot of the code is still accessible via explicit configure switches. However, support for some distribution specific legacy configuration file formats has been dropped. We recommend distributions to simply adopt the configuration files everybody else uses now and convert the old configuration from packaging scripts. Most distributions already did that. If that's not possible or desirable, distributions are welcome to forward port the specific pieces of code locally from the git history. * When logging a message about a unit systemd will now always log the unit name in the message meta data. * localectl will now also discover system locale data that is not stored in locale archives, but directly unpacked. * logind will no longer unconditionally use framebuffer devices as seat masters, i.e. as devices that are required to be existing before a seat is considered preset. Instead, it will now look for all devices that are tagged as "seat-master" in udev. By default framebuffer devices will be marked as such, but depending on local systems other devices might be marked as well. This may be used to integrate graphics cards using closed source drivers (such as NVidia ones) more nicely into logind. Note however, that we recommend using the open source NVidia drivers instead, and no udev rules for the closed-source drivers will be shipped from us upstream. Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alessandro Crismani, Auke Kok, Colin Walters, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Strauss, Dimitrios Apostolou, Eelco Dolstra, Eric Benoit, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Hermann Gausterer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael Biebl, Michael Terry, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Oleg Samarin, Pekka Lundstrom, Philip Nilsson, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Richard Yao, Robert Millan, Sami Kerola, Shawn Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Jarosch, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 196: * udev gained support for loading additional device properties from an indexed database that is keyed by vendor/product IDs and similar device identifiers. For the beginning this "hwdb" is populated with data from the well-known PCI and USB database, but also includes PNP, ACPI and OID data. In the longer run this indexed database shall grow into becoming the one central database for non-essential userspace device metadata. Previously, data from the PCI/USB database was only attached to select devices, since the lookup was a relatively expensive operation due to O(n) time complexity (with n being the number of entries in the database). Since this is now O(1), we decided to add in this data for all devices where this is available, by default. Note that the indexed database needs to be rebuilt when new data files are installed. To achieve this you need to update your packaging scripts to invoke "udevadm hwdb --update" after installation of hwdb data files. For RPM-based distributions we introduced the new %udev_hwdb_update macro for this purpose. * The Journal gained support for the "Message Catalog", an indexed database to link up additional information with journal entries. For further details please check: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog The indexed message catalog database also needs to be rebuilt after installation of message catalog files. Use "journalctl --update-catalog" for this. For RPM-based distributions we introduced the %journal_catalog_update macro for this purpose. * The Python Journal bindings gained support for the standard Python logging framework. * The Journal API gained new functions for checking whether the underlying file system of a journal file is capable of properly reporting file change notifications, or whether applications that want to reflect journal changes "live" need to recheck journal files continuously in appropriate time intervals. * It is now possible to set the "age" field for tmpfiles entries to 0, indicating that files matching this entry shall always be removed when the directories are cleaned up. * coredumpctl gained a new "gdb" verb which invokes gdb right-away on the selected coredump. * There's now support for "hybrid sleep" on kernels that support this, in addition to "suspend" and "hibernate". Use "systemctl hybrid-sleep" to make use of this. * logind's HandleSuspendKey= setting (and related settings) now gained support for a new "lock" setting to simply request the screen lock on all local sessions, instead of actually executing a suspend or hibernation. * systemd will now mount the EFI variables file system by default. * Socket units now gained support for configuration of the SMACK security label. * timedatectl will now output the time of the last and next daylight saving change. * We dropped support for various legacy and distro-specific concepts, such as insserv, early-boot SysV services (i.e. those for non-standard runlevels such as 'b' or 'S') or ArchLinux /etc/rc.conf support. We recommend the distributions who still need support this to either continue to maintain the necessary patches downstream, or find a different solution. (Talk to us if you have questions!) * Various systemd components will now bypass PolicyKit checks for root and otherwise handle properly if PolicyKit is not found to be around. This should fix most issues for PolicyKit-less systems. Quite frankly this should have been this way since day one. It is absolutely our intention to make systemd work fine on PolicyKit-less systems, and we consider it a bug if something doesn't work as it should if PolicyKit is not around. * For embedded systems it is now possible to build udev and systemd without blkid and/or kmod support. * "systemctl switch-root" is now capable of switching root more than once. I.e. in addition to transitions from the initrd to the host OS it is now possible to transition to further OS images from the host. This is useful to implement offline updating tools. * Various other additions have been made to the RPM macros shipped with systemd. Use %udev_rules_update() after installing new udev rules files. %_udevhwdbdir, %_udevrulesdir, %_journalcatalogdir, %_tmpfilesdir, %_sysctldir are now available which resolve to the right directories for packages to place various data files in. * journalctl gained the new --full switch (in addition to --all, to disable ellipsation for long messages. Contributions from: Anders Olofsson, Auke Kok, Ben Boeckel, Colin Walters, Cosimo Cecchi, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers, Chun-Yi Lee, Lekensteyn, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marti Raudsepp, Martin Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nis Martensen, Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tony Camuso, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 195: * journalctl gained new --since= and --until= switches to filter by time. It also now supports nice filtering for units via --unit=/-u. * Type=oneshot services may use ExecReload= and do the right thing. * The journal daemon now supports time-based rotation and vacuuming, in addition to the usual disk-space based rotation. * The journal will now index the available field values for each field name. This enables clients to show pretty drop downs of available match values when filtering. The bash completion of journalctl has been updated accordingly. journalctl gained a new switch -F to list all values a certain field takes in the journal database. * More service events are now written as structured messages to the journal, and made recognizable via message IDs. * The timedated, localed and hostnamed mini-services which previously only provided support for changing time, locale and hostname settings from graphical DEs such as GNOME now also have a minimal (but very useful) text-based client utility each. This is probably the nicest way to changing these settings from the command line now, especially since it lists available options and is fully integrated with bash completion. * There's now a new tool "systemd-coredumpctl" to list and extract coredumps from the journal. * We now install a README each in /var/log/ and /etc/rc.d/init.d explaining where the system logs and init scripts went. This hopefully should help folks who go to that dirs and look into the otherwise now empty void and scratch their heads. * When user-services are invoked (by systemd --user) the $MANAGERPID env var is set to the PID of systemd. * SIGRTMIN+24 when sent to a --user instance will now result in immediate termination of systemd. * gatewayd received numerous feature additions such as a "follow" mode, for live syncing and filtering. * browse.html now allows filtering and showing detailed information on specific entries. Keyboard navigation and mouse screen support has been added. * gatewayd/journalctl now supports HTML5/JSON Server-Sent-Events as output. * The SysV init script compatibility logic will now heuristically determine whether a script supports the "reload" verb, and only then make this available as "systemctl reload". * "systemctl status --follow" has been removed, use "journalctl -u" instead. * journald.conf's RuntimeMinSize=, PersistentMinSize= settings have been removed since they are hardly useful to be configured. * And I'd like to take the opportunity to specifically mention Zbigniew for his great contributions. Zbigniew, you rock! Contributions from: Andrew Eikum, Christian Hesse, Colin Guthrie, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Ferenc Wágner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Michael Olbrich, Michael Stapelberg, Michal Schmidt, Sebastian Ott, Thomas Bächler, Umut Tezduyar, Will Woods, Wulf C. Krueger, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Сковорода Никита Андреевич CHANGES WITH 194: * If /etc/vconsole.conf is non-existent or empty we will no longer load any console font or key map at boot by default. Instead the kernel defaults will be left intact. This is definitely the right thing to do, as no configuration should mean no configuration, and hard-coding font names that are different on all archs is probably a bad idea. Also, the kernel default key map and font should be good enough for most cases anyway, and mostly identical to the userspace fonts/key maps we previously overloaded them with. If distributions want to continue to default to a non-kernel font or key map they should ship a default /etc/vconsole.conf with the appropriate contents. Contributions from: Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 193: * journalctl gained a new --cursor= switch to show entries starting from the specified location in the journal. * We now enforce a size limit on journal entry fields exported with "-o json" in journalctl. Fields larger than 4K will be assigned null. This can be turned off with --all. * An (optional) journal gateway daemon is now available as "systemd-journal-gatewayd.service". This service provides access to the journal via HTTP and JSON. This functionality will be used to implement live log synchronization in both pull and push modes, but has various other users too, such as easy log access for debugging of embedded devices. Right now it is already useful to retrieve the journal via HTTP: # systemctl start systemd-journal-gatewayd.service # wget http://localhost:19531/entries This will download the journal contents in a /var/log/messages compatible format. The same as JSON: # curl -H"Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries This service is also accessible via a web browser where a single static HTML5 app is served that uses the JSON logic to enable the user to do some basic browsing of the journal. This will be extended later on. Here's an example screenshot of this app in its current state: http://0pointer.de/public/journal-gatewayd Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Robert Milasan, Tom Gundersen CHANGES WITH 192: * The bash completion logic is now available for journalctl too. * We don't mount the "cpuset" controller anymore together with "cpu" and "cpuacct", as "cpuset" groups generally cannot be started if no parameters are assigned to it. "cpuset" hence broke code that assumed it it could create "cpu" groups and just start them. * journalctl -f will now subscribe to terminal size changes, and line break accordingly. Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykrynm, Mirco Tischler, Václav Pavlín CHANGES WITH 191: * nspawn will now create a symlink /etc/localtime in the container environment, copying the host's timezone setting. Previously this has been done via a bind mount, but since symlinks cannot be bind mounted this has now been changed to create/update the appropriate symlink. * journalctl -n's line number argument is now optional, and will default to 10 if omitted. * journald will now log the maximum size the journal files may take up on disk. This is particularly useful if the default built-in logic of determining this parameter from the file system size is used. Use "systemctl status systemd-journald.service" to see this information. * The multi-seat X wrapper tool has been stripped down. As X is now capable of enumerating graphics devices via udev in a seat-aware way the wrapper is not strictly necessary anymore. A stripped down temporary stop-gap is still shipped until the upstream display managers have been updated to fully support the new X logic. Expect this wrapper to be removed entirely in one of the next releases. * HandleSleepKey= in logind.conf has been split up into HandleSuspendKey= and HandleHibernateKey=. The old setting is not available anymore. X11 and the kernel are distuingishing between these keys and we should too. This also means the inhibition lock for these keys has been split into two. Contributions from: Dave Airlie, Eelco Dolstra, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Václav Pavlín CHANGES WITH 190: * Whenever a unit changes state we'll now log this to the journal and show along the unit's own log output in "systemctl status". * ConditionPathIsMountPoint= can now properly detect bind mount points too. (Previously, a bind mount of one file system to another place in the same file system could not be detected as mount, since they shared struct stat's st_dev field.) * We will now mount the cgroup controllers cpu, cpuacct, cpuset and the controllers net_cls, net_prio together by default. * nspawn containers will now have a virtualized boot ID. (i.e. /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id is now mounted over with a randomized ID at container initialization). This has the effect of making "journalctl -b" do the right thing in a container. * The JSON output journal serialization has been updated not to generate "endless" list objects anymore, but rather one JSON object per line. This is more in line how most JSON parsers expect JSON objects. The new output mode "json-pretty" has been added to provide similar output, but neatly aligned for readability by humans. * We dropped all explicit sync() invocations in the shutdown code. The kernel does this implicitly anyway in the kernel reboot() syscall. halt(8)'s -n option is now a compatibility no-op. * We now support virtualized reboot() in containers, as supported by newer kernels. We will fall back to exit() if CAP_SYS_REBOOT is not available to the container. Also, nspawn makes use of this now and will actually reboot the container if the containerized OS asks for that. * journalctl will only show local log output by default now. Use --merge (-m) to show remote log output, too. * libsystemd-journal gained the new sd_journal_get_usage() call to determine the current disk usage of all journal files. This is exposed in the new "journalctl --disk-usage" command. * journald gained a new configuration setting SplitMode= in journald.conf which may be used to control how user journals are split off. See journald.conf(5) for details. * A new condition type ConditionFileNotEmpty= has been added. * tmpfiles' "w" lines now support file globbing, to write multiple files at once. * We added Python bindings for the journal submission APIs. More Python APIs for a number of selected APIs will likely follow. Note that we intend to add native bindings only for the Python language, as we consider it common enough to deserve bindings shipped within systemd. There are various projects outside of systemd that provide bindings for languages such as PHP or Lua. * Many conditions will now resolve specifiers such as %i. In addition, PathChanged= and related directives of .path units now support specifiers as well. * There's now a new RPM macro definition for the system preset dir: %_presetdir. * journald will now warn if it can't forward a message to the syslog daemon because it's socket is full. * timedated will no longer write or process /etc/timezone, except on Debian. As we do not support late mounted /usr anymore /etc/localtime always being a symlink is now safe, and hence the information in /etc/timezone is not necessary anymore. * logind will now always reserve one VT for a text getty (VT6 by default). Previously if more than 6 X sessions where started they took up all the VTs with auto-spawned gettys, so that no text gettys were available anymore. * udev will now automatically inform the btrfs kernel logic about btrfs RAID components showing up. This should make simple hotplug based btrfs RAID assembly work. * PID 1 will now increase its RLIMIT_NOFILE to 64K by default (but not for its children which will stay at the kernel default). This should allow setups with a lot more listening sockets. * systemd will now always pass the configured timezone to the kernel at boot. timedated will do the same when the timezone is changed. * logind's inhibition logic has been updated. By default, logind will now handle the lid switch, the power and sleep keys all the time, even in graphical sessions. If DEs want to handle these events on their own they should take the new handle-power-key, handle-sleep-key and handle-lid-switch inhibitors during their runtime. A simple way to achiveve that is to invoke the DE wrapped in an invocation of: systemd-inhibit --what=handle-power-key:handle-sleep-key:handle-lid-switch ... * Access to unit operations is now checked via SELinux taking the unit file label and client process label into account. * systemd will now notify the administrator in the journal when he over-mounts a non-empty directory. * There are new specifiers that are resolved in unit files, for the host name (%H), the machine ID (%m) and the boot ID (%b). Contributions from: Allin Cottrell, Auke Kok, Brandon Philips, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Jan Engelhardt, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Matthias Clasen, Michael Olbrich, Pierre Schmitz, Shawn Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Václav Pavlín, Yin Kangkai, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 189: * Support for reading structured kernel messages from /dev/kmsg has now been added and is enabled by default. * Support for reading kernel messages from /proc/kmsg has now been removed. If you want kernel messages in the journal make sure to run a recent kernel (>= 3.5) that supports reading structured messages from /dev/kmsg (see above). /proc/kmsg is now exclusive property of classic syslog daemons again. * The libudev API gained the new udev_device_new_from_device_id() call. * The logic for file system namespace (ReadOnlyDirectory=, ReadWriteDirectoy=, PrivateTmp=) has been reworked not to require pivot_root() anymore. This means fewer temporary directories are created below /tmp for this feature. * nspawn containers will now see and receive all submounts made on the host OS below the root file system of the container. * Forward Secure Sealing is now supported for Journal files, which provide cryptographical sealing of journal files so that attackers cannot alter log history anymore without this being detectable. Lennart will soon post a blog story about this explaining it in more detail. * There are two new service settings RestartPreventExitStatus= and SuccessExitStatus= which allow configuration of exit status (exit code or signal) which will be excepted from the restart logic, resp. consider successful. * journalctl gained the new --verify switch that can be used to check the integrity of the structure of journal files and (if Forward Secure Sealing is enabled) the contents of journal files. * nspawn containers will now be run with /dev/stdin, /dev/fd/ and similar symlinks pre-created. This makes running shells as container init process a lot more fun. * The fstab support can now handle PARTUUID= and PARTLABEL= entries. * A new ConditionHost= condition has been added to match against the hostname (with globs) and machine ID. This is useful for clusters where a single OS image is used to provision a large number of hosts which shall run slightly different sets of services. * Services which hit the restart limit will now be placed in a failure state. Contributions from: Bertram Poettering, Dave Reisner, Huang Hang, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin Pitt, Simon Peeters, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 188: * When running in --user mode systemd will now become a subreaper (PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER). This should make the ps tree a lot more organized. * A new PartOf= unit dependency type has been introduced that may be used to group services in a natural way. * "systemctl enable" may now be used to enable instances of services. * journalctl now prints error log levels in red, and warning/notice log levels in bright white. It also supports filtering by log level now. * cgtop gained a new -n switch (similar to top), to configure the maximum number of iterations to run for. It also gained -b, to run in batch mode (accepting no input). * The suffix ".service" may now be omitted on most systemctl command lines involving service unit names. * There's a new bus call in logind to lock all sessions, as well as a loginctl verb for it "lock-sessions". * libsystemd-logind.so gained a new call sd_journal_perror() that works similar to libc perror() but logs to the journal and encodes structured information about the error number. * /etc/crypttab entries now understand the new keyfile-size= option. * shutdown(8) now can send a (configurable) wall message when a shutdown is cancelled. * The mount propagation mode for the root file system will now default to "shared", which is useful to make containers work nicely out-of-the-box so that they receive new mounts from the host. This can be undone locally by running "mount --make-rprivate /" if needed. * The prefdm.service file has been removed. Distributions should maintain this unit downstream if they intend to keep it around. However, we recommend writing normal unit files for display managers instead. * Since systemd is a crucial part of the OS we will now default to a number of compiler switches that improve security (hardening) such as read-only relocations, stack protection, and suchlike. * The TimeoutSec= setting for services is now split into TimeoutStartSec= and TimeoutStopSec= to allow configuration of individual time outs for the start and the stop phase of the service. Contributions from: Artur Zaprzala, Arvydas Sidorenko, Auke Kok, Bryan Kadzban, Dave Reisner, David Strauss, Harald Hoyer, Jim Meyering, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Peter Alfredsen, Shawn Landden, Simon Peeters, Terence Honles, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 187: * The journal and id128 C APIs are now fully documented as man pages. * Extra safety checks have been added when transitioning from the initial RAM disk to the main system to avoid accidental data loss. * /etc/crypttab entries now understand the new keyfile-offset= option. * systemctl -t can now be used to filter by unit load state. * The journal C API gained the new sd_journal_wait() call to make writing synchronous journal clients easier. * journalctl gained the new -D switch to show journals from a specific directory. * journalctl now displays a special marker between log messages of two different boots. * The journal is now explicitly flushed to /var via a service systemd-journal-flush.service, rather than implicitly simply by seeing /var/log/journal to be writable. * journalctl (and the journal C APIs) can now match for much more complex expressions, with alternatives and disjunctions. * When transitioning from the initial RAM disk to the main system we will now kill all processes in a killing spree to ensure no processes stay around by accident. * Three new specifiers may be used in unit files: %u, %h, %s resolve to the user name, user home directory resp. user shell. This is useful for running systemd user instances. * We now automatically rotate journal files if their data object hash table gets a fill level > 75%. We also size the hash table based on the configured maximum file size. This together should lower hash collisions drastically and thus speed things up a bit. * journalctl gained the new "--header" switch to introspect header data of journal files. * A new setting SystemCallFilters= has been added to services which may be used to apply blacklists or whitelists to system calls. This is based on SECCOMP Mode 2 of Linux 3.5. * nspawn gained a new --link-journal= switch (and quicker: -j) to link the container journal with the host. This makes it very easy to centralize log viewing on the host for all guests while still keeping the journal files separated. * Many bugfixes and optimizations Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Harald Hoyer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Malte Starostik, Paul Menzel, Rex Tsai, Shawn Landden, Tom Gundersen, Ville Skyttä, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 186: * Several tools now understand kernel command line arguments, which are only read when run in an initial RAM disk. They usually follow closely their normal counterparts, but are prefixed with rd. * There's a new tool to analyze the readahead files that are automatically generated at boot. Use: /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-readahead analyze /.readahead * We now provide an early debug shell on tty9 if this enabled. Use: systemctl enable debug-shell.service * All plymouth related units have been moved into the Plymouth package. Please make sure to upgrade your Plymouth version as well. * systemd-tmpfiles now supports getting passed the basename of a configuration file only, in which case it will look for it in all appropriate directories automatically. * udevadm info now takes a /dev or /sys path as argument, and does the right thing. Example: udevadm info /dev/sda udevadm info /sys/class/block/sda * systemctl now prints a warning if a unit is stopped but a unit that might trigger it continues to run. Example: a service is stopped but the socket that activates it is left running. * "systemctl status" will now mention if the log output was shortened due to rotation since a service has been started. * The journal API now exposes functions to determine the "cutoff" times due to rotation. * journald now understands SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 for triggering immediately flushing of runtime logs to /var if possible, resp. for triggering immediate rotation of the journal files. * It is now considered an error if a service is attempted to be stopped that is not loaded. * XDG_RUNTIME_DIR now uses numeric UIDs instead of usernames. * systemd-analyze now supports Python 3 * tmpfiles now supports cleaning up directories via aging where the first level dirs are always kept around but directories beneath it automatically aged. This is enabled by prefixing the age field with '~'. * Seat objects now expose CanGraphical, CanTTY properties which is required to deal with very fast bootups where the display manager might be running before the graphics drivers completed initialization. * Seat objects now expose a State property. * We now include RPM macros for service enabling/disabling based on the preset logic. We recommend RPM based distributions to make use of these macros if possible. This makes it simpler to reuse RPM spec files across distributions. * We now make sure that the collected systemd unit name is always valid when services log to the journal via STDOUT/STDERR. * There's a new man page kernel-command-line(7) detailing all command line options we understand. * The fstab generator may now be disabled at boot by passing fstab=0 on the kernel command line. * A new kernel command line option modules-load= is now understood to load a specific kernel module statically, early at boot. * Unit names specified on the systemctl command line are now automatically escaped as needed. Also, if file system or device paths are specified they are automatically turned into the appropriate mount or device unit names. Example: systemctl status /home systemctl status /dev/sda * The SysVConsole= configuration option has been removed from system.conf parsing. * The SysV search path is no longer exported on the D-Bus Manager object. * The Names= option is been removed from unit file parsing. * There's a new man page bootup(7) detailing the boot process. * Every unit and every generator we ship with systemd now comes with full documentation. The self-explanatory boot is complete. * A couple of services gained "systemd-" prefixes in their name if they wrap systemd code, rather than only external code. Among them fsck@.service which is now systemd-fsck@.service. * The HaveWatchdog property has been removed from the D-Bus Manager object. * systemd.confirm_spawn= on the kernel command line should now work sensibly. * There's a new man page crypttab(5) which details all options we actually understand. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --capability= switch to pass additional capabilities to the container. * timedated will now read known NTP implementation unit names from /usr/lib/systemd/ntp-units.d/*.list, systemd-timedated-ntp.target has been removed. * journalctl gained a new switch "-b" that lists log data of the current boot only. * The notify socket is in the abstract namespace again, in order to support daemons which chroot() at start-up. * There is a new Storage= configuration option for journald which allows configuration of where log data should go. This also provides a way to disable journal logging entirely, so that data collected is only forwarded to the console, the kernel log buffer or another syslog implementation. * Many bugfixes and optimizations Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Guthrie, Dave Reisner, David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Paul Menzel, Shawn Landden, Tom Gundersen CHANGES WITH 185: * "systemctl help <unit>" now shows the man page if one is available. * Several new man pages have been added. * MaxLevelStore=, MaxLevelSyslog=, MaxLevelKMsg=, MaxLevelConsole= can now be specified in journald.conf. These options allow reducing the amount of data stored on disk or forwarded by the log level. * TimerSlackNSec= can now be specified in system.conf for PID1. This allows system-wide power savings. Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lauri Kasanen, Lennart Poettering, Malte Starostik, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Matthias Clasen CHANGES WITH 184: * logind is now capable of (optionally) handling power and sleep keys as well as the lid switch. * journalctl now understands the syntax "journalctl /usr/bin/avahi-daemon" to get all log output of a specific daemon. * CapabilityBoundingSet= in system.conf now also influences the capability bound set of usermode helpers of the kernel. Contributions from: Daniel Drake, Daniel J. Walsh, Gert Michael Kulyk, Harald Hoyer, Jean Delvare, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Matthew Garrett, Matthias Clasen, Paul Menzel, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Tom Gundersen CHANGES WITH 183: * Note that we skipped 139 releases here in order to set the new version to something that is greater than both udev's and systemd's most recent version number. * udev: all udev sources are merged into the systemd source tree now. All future udev development will happen in the systemd tree. It is still fully supported to use the udev daemon and tools without systemd running, like in initramfs or other init systems. Building udev though, will require the *build* of the systemd tree, but udev can be properly *run* without systemd. * udev: /lib/udev/devices/ are not read anymore; systemd-tmpfiles should be used to create dead device nodes as workarounds for broken subsystems. * udev: RUN+="socket:..." and udev_monitor_new_from_socket() is no longer supported. udev_monitor_new_from_netlink() needs to be used to subscribe to events. * udev: when udevd is started by systemd, processes which are left behind by forking them off of udev rules, are unconditionally cleaned up and killed now after the event handling has finished. Services or daemons must be started as systemd services. Services can be pulled-in by udev to get started, but they can no longer be directly forked by udev rules. * udev: the daemon binary is called systemd-udevd now and installed in /usr/lib/systemd/. Standalone builds or non-systemd systems need to adapt to that, create symlink, or rename the binary after building it. * libudev no longer provides these symbols: udev_monitor_from_socket() udev_queue_get_failed_list_entry() udev_get_{dev,sys,run}_path() The versions number was bumped and symbol versioning introduced. * systemd-loginctl and systemd-journalctl have been renamed to loginctl and journalctl to match systemctl. * The config files: /etc/systemd/systemd-logind.conf and /etc/systemd/systemd-journald.conf have been renamed to logind.conf and journald.conf. Package updates should rename the files to the new names on upgrade. * For almost all files the license is now LGPL2.1+, changed from the previous GPL2.0+. Exceptions are some minor stuff of udev (which will be changed to LGPL2.1 eventually, too), and the MIT licensed sd-daemon.[ch] library that is suitable to be used as drop-in files. * systemd and logind now handle system sleep states, in particular suspending and hibernating. * logind now implements a sleep/shutdown/idle inhibiting logic suitable for a variety of uses. Soonishly Lennart will blog about this in more detail. * var-run.mount and var-lock.mount are no longer provided (which prevously bind mounted these directories to their new places). Distributions which have not converted these directories to symlinks should consider stealing these files from git history and add them downstream. * We introduced the Documentation= field for units and added this to all our shipped units. This is useful to make it easier to explore the boot and the purpose of the various units. * All smaller setup units (such as systemd-vconsole-setup.service) now detect properly if they are run in a container and are skipped when appropriate. This guarantees an entirely noise-free boot in Linux container environments such as systemd-nspawn. * A framework for implementing offline system updates is now integrated, for details see: http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates * A new service type Type=idle is available now which helps us avoiding ugly interleaving of getty output and boot status messages. * There's now a system-wide CapabilityBoundingSet= option to globally reduce the set of capabilities for the system. This is useful to drop CAP_SYS_MKNOD, CAP_SYS_RAWIO, CAP_NET_RAW, CAP_SYS_MODULE, CAP_SYS_TIME, CAP_SYS_PTRACE or even CAP_NET_ADMIN system-wide for secure systems. * There are now system-wide DefaultLimitXXX= options to globally change the defaults of the various resource limits for all units started by PID 1. * Harald Hoyer's systemd test suite has been integrated into systemd which allows easy testing of systemd builds in qemu and nspawn. (This is really awesome! Ask us for details!) * The fstab parser is now implemented as generator, not inside of PID 1 anymore. * systemctl will now warn you if .mount units generated from /etc/fstab are out of date due to changes in fstab that haven't been read by systemd yet. * systemd is now suitable for usage in initrds. Dracut has already been updated to make use of this. With this in place initrds get a slight bit faster but primarily are much easier to introspect and debug since "systemctl status" in the host system can be used to introspect initrd services, and the journal from the initrd is kept around too. * systemd-delta has been added, a tool to explore differences between user/admin configuration and vendor defaults. * PrivateTmp= now affects both /tmp and /var/tmp. * Boot time status messages are now much prettier and feature proper english language. Booting up systemd has never been so sexy. * Read-ahead pack files now include the inode number of all files to pre-cache. When the inode changes the pre-caching is not attempted. This should be nicer to deal with updated packages which might result in changes of read-ahead patterns. * We now temporaritly lower the kernel's read_ahead_kb variable when collecting read-ahead data to ensure the kernel's built-in read-ahead does not add noise to our measurements of necessary blocks to pre-cache. * There's now RequiresMountsFor= to add automatic dependencies for all mounts necessary for a specific file system path. * MountAuto= and SwapAuto= have been removed from system.conf. Mounting file systems at boot has to take place in systemd now. * nspawn now learned a new switch --uuid= to set the machine ID on the command line. * nspawn now learned the -b switch to automatically search for an init system. * vt102 is now the default TERM for serial TTYs, upgraded from vt100. * systemd-logind now works on VT-less systems. * The build tree has been reorganized. The individual components now have directories of their own. * A new condition type ConditionPathIsReadWrite= is now available. * nspawn learned the new -C switch to create cgroups for the container in other hierarchies. * We now have support for hardware watchdogs, configurable in system.conf. * The scheduled shutdown logic now has a public API. * We now mount /tmp as tmpfs by default, but this can be masked and /etc/fstab can override it. * Since udisks doesn't make use of /media anymore we are not mounting a tmpfs on it anymore. * journalctl gained a new --local switch to only interleave locally generated journal files. * We can now load the IMA policy at boot automatically. * The GTK tools have been split off into a systemd-ui. Contributions from: Andreas Schwab, Auke Kok, Ayan George, Colin Guthrie, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Ward, Elan Ruusamäe, Frederic Crozat, Gergely Nagy, Guillermo Vidal, Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Javier Jardón, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Léo Gillot-Lamure, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Maxim A. Mikityanskiy, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Nis Martensen, Patrick McCarty, Roberto Sassu, Shawn Landden, Sjoerd Simons, Sven Anders, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen CHANGES WITH 44: * This is mostly a bugfix release * Support optional initialization of the machine ID from the KVM or container configured UUID. * Support immediate reboots with "systemctl reboot -ff" * Show /etc/os-release data in systemd-analyze output * Many bugfixes for the journal, including endianness fixes and ensuring that disk space enforcement works * sd-login.h is C++ comptaible again * Extend the /etc/os-release format on request of the Debian folks * We now refuse non-UTF8 strings used in various configuration and unit files. This is done to ensure we don't pass invalid data over D-Bus or expose it elsewhere. * Register Mimo USB Screens as suitable for automatic seat configuration * Read SELinux client context from journal clients in a race free fashion * Reorder configuration file lookup order. /etc now always overrides /run in order to allow the administrator to always and unconditionally override vendor supplied or automatically generated data. * The various user visible bits of the journal now have man pages. We still lack man pages for the journal API calls however. * We now ship all man pages in HTML format again in the tarball. Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Dirk Eibach, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Marti Raudsepp, Michal Schmidt, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Thierry Reding CHANGES WITH 43: * This is mostly a bugfix release * systems lacking /etc/os-release are no longer supported. * Various functionality updates to libsystemd-login.so * Track class of PAM logins to distuingish greeters from normal user logins. Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Biebl CHANGES WITH 42: * This is an important bugfix release for v41. * Building man pages is now optional which should be useful for those building systemd from git but unwilling to install xsltproc. * Watchdog support for supervising services is now usable. In a future release support for hardware watchdogs (i.e. /dev/watchdog) will be added building on this. * Service start rate limiting is now configurable and can be turned off per service. When a start rate limit is hit a reboot can automatically be triggered. * New CanReboot(), CanPowerOff() bus calls in systemd-logind. Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Bill Nottingham, Frederic Crozat, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michał Górny, Piotr Drąg CHANGES WITH 41: * The systemd binary is installed /usr/lib/systemd/systemd now; An existing /sbin/init symlink needs to be adapted with the package update. * The code that loads kernel modules has been ported to invoke libkmod directly, instead of modprobe. This means we do not support systems with module-init-tools anymore. * Watchdog support is now already useful, but still not complete. * A new kernel command line option systemd.setenv= is understood to set system wide environment variables dynamically at boot. * We now limit the set of capabilities of systemd-journald. * We now set SIGPIPE to ignore by default, since it only is useful in shell pipelines, and has little use in general code. This can be disabled with IgnoreSIPIPE=no in unit files. Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Tom Gundersen, William Douglas CHANGES WITH 40: * This is mostly a bugfix release * We now expose the reason why a service failed in the "Result" D-Bus property. * Rudimentary service watchdog support (will be completed over the next few releases.) * When systemd forks off in order execute some service we will now immediately changes its argv[0] to reflect which process it will execute. This is useful to minimize the time window with a generic argv[0], which makes bootcharts more useful Contributions from: Alvaro Soliverez, Chris Paulson-Ellis, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Mike Kazantsev, Ray Strode CHANGES WITH 39: * This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many bugfixes. * New systemd-cgtop tool to show control groups by their resource usage. * Linking against libacl for ACLs is optional again. If disabled, support tracking device access for active logins goes becomes unavailable, and so does access to the user journals by the respective users. * If a group "adm" exists, journal files are automatically owned by them, thus allow members of this group full access to the system journal as well as all user journals. * The journal now stores the SELinux context of the logging client for all entries. * Add C++ inclusion guards to all public headers * New output mode "cat" in the journal to print only text messages, without any meta data like date or time. * Include tiny X server wrapper as a temporary stop-gap to teach XOrg udev display enumeration. This is used by display managers such as gdm, and will go away as soon as XOrg learned native udev hotplugging for display devices. * Add new systemd-cat tool for executing arbitrary programs with STDERR/STDOUT connected to the journal. Can also act as BSD logger replacement, and does so by default. * Optionally store all locally generated coredumps in the journal along with meta data. * systemd-tmpfiles learnt four new commands: n, L, c, b, for writing short strings to files (for usage for /sys), and for creating symlinks, character and block device nodes. * New unit file option ControlGroupPersistent= to make cgroups persistent, following the mechanisms outlined in http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PaxControlGroups * Support multiple local RTCs in a sane way * No longer monopolize IO when replaying readahead data on rotating disks, since we might starve non-file-system IO to death, since fanotify() will not see accesses done by blkid, or fsck. * Don't show kernel threads in systemd-cgls anymore, unless requested with new -k switch. Contributions from: Dan Horák, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michal Schmidt CHANGES WITH 38: * This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many bugfixes. * The git repository moved to: git://anongit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd ssh://git.freedesktop.org/git/systemd/systemd * First release with the journal http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-journal.html * The journal replaces both systemd-kmsg-syslogd and systemd-stdout-bridge. * New sd_pid_get_unit() API call in libsystemd-logind * Many systemadm clean-ups * Introduce remote-fs-pre.target which is ordered before all remote mounts and may be used to start services before all remote mounts. * Added Mageia support * Add bash completion for systemd-loginctl * Actively monitor PID file creation for daemons which exit in the parent process before having finished writing the PID file in the daemon process. Daemons which do this need to be fixed (i.e. PID file creation must have finished before the parent exits), but we now react a bit more gracefully to them. * Add colourful boot output, mimicking the well-known output of existing distributions. * New option PassCredentials= for socket units, for compatibility with a recent kernel ABI breakage. * /etc/rc.local is now hooked in via a generator binary, and thus will no longer act as synchronization point during boot. * systemctl list-unit-files now supports --root=. * systemd-tmpfiles now understands two new commands: z, Z for relabelling files according to the SELinux database. This is useful to apply SELinux labels to specific files in /sys, among other things. * Output of SysV services is now forwarded to both the console and the journal by default, not only just the console. * New man pages for all APIs from libsystemd-login. * The build tree got reorganized and a the build system is a lot more modular allowing embedded setups to specifically select the components of systemd they are interested in. * Support for Linux systems lacking the kernel VT subsystem is restored. * configure's --with-rootdir= got renamed to --with-rootprefix= to follow the naming used by udev and kmod * Unless specified otherwise we'll now install to /usr instead of /usr/local by default. * Processes with '@' in argv[0][0] are now excluded from the final shut-down killing spree, following the logic explained in: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/RootStorageDaemons * All processes remaining in a service cgroup when we enter the START or START_PRE states are now killed with SIGKILL. That means it is no longer possible to spawn background processes from ExecStart= lines (which was never supported anyway, and bad style). * New PropagateReloadTo=/PropagateReloadFrom= options to bind reloading of units together. Contributions from: Bill Nottingham, Daniel J. Walsh, Dave Reisner, Dexter Morgan, Gregs Gregs, Jonathan Nieder, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Michał Górny, Ran Benita, Thomas Jarosch, Tim Waugh, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek |