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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 217: * journalctl gained the new options -t/--identifier= to match on the syslog identifier (aka "tag"), as well as --utc to show log timestamps in the UTC timezone. journalctl now also accepts -n/--lines=all to disable line capping in a pager. * Services can notify the manager before they start a reload (by sending RELOADING=1) or shutdown (by sending STOPPING=1). This allows the manager to track and show the internal state of daemons and closes a race condition when the process is still running but has closed its D-Bus connection. * Services with Type=oneshot do not have to have any ExecStart commands anymore. * User units are now loaded also from $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user/. This is similar to the /run/systemd/user directory that was already previously supported, but is under the control of the user. * Job timeouts (i.e. time-outs on the time a job that is queued stays in the run queue) can now optionally result in immediate reboot or power-off actions (JobTimeoutAction= and JobTimeoutRebootArgument=). This is useful on ".target" units, to limit the maximum time a target remains undispatched in the run queue, and to trigger an emergency operation in such a case. This is now used by default to turn off the system if boot-up (as defined by everything in basic.target) hangs and does not complete for at least 15min. Also, if power-off or reboot hang for at least 30min an immediate power-off/reboot operation is triggered. This functionality is particularly useful to increase reliability on embedded devices, but also on laptops which might accidentally get powered on when carried in a backpack and whose boot stays stuck in a hard disk encryption passphrase question. * systemd-logind can be configured to also handle lid switch events even when the machine is docked or multiple displays are attached (HandleLidSwitchDocked= option). * A helper binary and a service have been added which can be used to resume from hibernation in the initramfs. A generator will parse the resume= option on the kernel command-line to trigger resume. * A user console daemon systemd-consoled has been added. Currently, it is a preview, and will so far open a single terminal on each session of the user marked as Desktop=systemd-console. * Route metrics can be specified for DHCP routes added by systemd-networkd. * The SELinux context of socket-activated services can be set from the information provided by the networking stack (SELinuxContextFromNet= option). * Userspace firmware loading support has been removed and the minimum supported kernel version is thus bumped to 3.7. * Timeout for udev workers has been increased from 1 to 3 minutes, but a warning will be printed after 1 minute to help diagnose kernel modules that take a long time to load. * Udev rules can now remove tags on devices with TAG-="foobar". * systemd's readahead implementation has been removed. In many circumstances it didn't give expected benefits even for rotational disk drives and was becoming less relevant in the age of SSDs. As none of the developers has been using rotating media anymore, and nobody stepped up to actively maintain this component of systemd it has now been removed. * Swap units can use Discard= to specify discard options. Discard options specified for swaps in /etc/fstab are now respected. * Docker containers are now detected as a separate type of virtualization. * The Password Agent protocol gained support for queries where the user input is shown, useful e.g. for user names. systemd-ask-password gained a new --echo option to turn that on. * The default sysctl.d/ snippets will now set: net.core.default_qdisc = fq_codel This selects Fair Queuing Controlled Delay as the default queuing discipline for network interfaces. fq_codel helps fight the network bufferbloat problem. It is believed to be a good default with no tuning required for most workloads. Downstream distributions may override this choice. On 10Gbit servers that do not do forwarding, "fq" may perform better. Systems without a good clocksource should use "pfifo_fast". * If kdbus is enabled during build a new option BusPolicy= is available for service units, that allows locking all service processes into a stricter bus policy, in order to limit access to various bus services, or even hide most of them from the service's view entirely. * networkctl will now show the .network and .link file networkd has applied to a specific interface. * sd-login gained a new API call sd_session_get_desktop() to query which desktop environment has been selected for a session. * UNIX utmp support is now compile-time optional to support legacy-free systems. * systemctl gained two new commands "add-wants" and "add-requires" for pulling in units from specific targets easily. * If the word "rescue" is specified on the kernel command line the system will now boot into rescue mode (aka rescue.target), which was previously available only by specifying "1" or "systemd.unit=rescue.target" on the kernel command line. This new kernel command line option nicely mirrors the already existing "emergency" kernel command line option. * New kernel command line options mount.usr=, mount.usrflags=, mount.usrfstype= have been added that match root=, rootflags=, rootfstype= but allow mounting a specific file system to /usr. * The $NOTIFY_SOCKET is now also passed to control processes of services, not only the main process. * This version reenables support for fsck's -l switch. This means at least version v2.25 of util-linux is required for operation, otherwise dead-locks on device nodes may occur. Again: you need to update util-linux to at least v2.25 when updating systemd to v217. * The "multi-seat-x" tool has been removed from systemd, as its functionality has been integrated into X servers 1.16, and the tool is hence redundant. It is recommended to update display managers invoking this tool to simply invoke X directly from now on, again. * Support for the new ALLOW_INTERACTIVE_AUTHORIZATION D-Bus message flag has been added for all of systemd's PolicyKit authenticated method calls has been added. In particular this now allows optional interactive authorization via PolicyKit for many of PID1's privileged operations such as unit file enabling and disabling. * "udevadm hwdb --update" learnt a new switch "--usr" for placing the rebuilt hardware database in /usr instead of /etc. When used only hardware database entries stored in /usr will be used, and any user database entries in /etc are ignored. This functionality is useful for vendors to ship a pre-built database on systems where local configuration is unnecessary or unlikely. * Calendar time specifications in .timer units now also understand the strings "semi-annually", "quarterly" and "minutely" as shortcuts (in addition to the preexisting "anually", "hourly", ...). * systemd-tmpfiles will now correctly create files in /dev at boot which are marked for creation only at boot. It is recommended to always create static device nodes with 'c!' and 'b!', so that they are created only at boot and not overwritten at runtime. * When the watchdog logic is used for a service (WatchdogSec=) and the watchdog timeout is hit the service will now be terminated with SIGABRT (instead of just SIGTERM), in order to make sure a proper coredump and backtrace is generated. This ensures that hanging services will result in similar coredump/backtrace behaviour as services that hit a segmentation fault. Contributions from: Andreas Henriksson, Andrei Borzenkov, Angus Gibson, Ansgar Burchardt, Ben Wolsieffer, Brandon L. Black, Christian Hesse, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dan Williams, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Sommerseth, David Strauss, Emil Renner Berthing, Eric Cook, Evangelos Foutras, Filipe Brandenburger, Gustavo Sverzut Barbieri, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Hristo Venev, Hugo Grostabussiat, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan Janssen, Jan Synacek, Jonathan Liu, Juho Son, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Klaus Purer, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Marius Tessmann, Marko Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michael Scherer, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miroslav Lichvar, Patrik Flykt, Philippe De Swert, Piotr Drąg, Rahul Sundaram, Richard Weinberger, Robert Milasan, Ronny Chevalier, Ruben Kerkhof, Santiago Vila, Sergey Ptashnick, Simon McVittie, Sjoerd Simons, Stefan Brüns, Steven Allen, Steven Noonan, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Timofey Titovets, Tobias Hunger, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek. -- Berlin, 2014-10-28 CHANGES WITH 216: * timedated no longer reads NTP implementation unit names from /usr/lib/systemd/ntp-units.d/*.list. Alternative NTP implementations should add a Conflicts=systemd-timesyncd.service to their unit files to take over and replace systemd's NTP default functionality. * systemd-sysusers gained a new line type "r" for configuring which UID/GID ranges to allocate system users/groups from. Lines of type "u" may now add an additional column that specifies the home directory for the system user to be created. Also, systemd-sysusers may now optionally read user information from STDIN instead of a file. This is useful for invoking it from RPM preinst scriptlets that need to create users before the first RPM file is installed since these files might need to be owned by them. A new %sysusers_create_inline RPM macro has been introduced to do just that. systemd-sysusers now updates the shadow files as well as the user/group databases, which should enhance compatibility with certain tools like grpck. * A number of bus APIs of PID 1 now optionally consult PolicyKit to permit access for otherwise unprivileged clients under certain conditions. Note that this currently doesn't support interactive authentication yet, but this is expected to be added eventually, too. * /etc/machine-info now has new fields for configuring the deployment environment of the machine, as well as the location of the machine. hostnamectl has been updated with new command to update these fields. * systemd-timesyncd has been updated to automatically acquire NTP server information from systemd-networkd, which might have been discovered via DHCP. * systemd-resolved now includes a caching DNS stub resolver and a complete LLMNR name resolution implementation. A new NSS module "nss-resolve" has been added which can be used instead of glibc's own "nss-dns" to resolve hostnames via systemd-resolved. Hostnames, addresses and arbitrary RRs may be resolved via systemd-resolved D-Bus APIs. In contrast to the glibc internal resolver systemd-resolved is aware of multi-homed system, and keeps DNS server and caches separate and per-interface. Queries are sent simultaneously on all interfaces that have DNS servers configured, in order to properly handle VPNs and local LANs which might resolve separate sets of domain names. systemd-resolved may acquire DNS server information from systemd-networkd automatically, which in turn might have discovered them via DHCP. A tool "systemd-resolve-host" has been added that may be used to query the DNS logic in resolved. systemd-resolved implements IDNA and automatically uses IDNA or UTF-8 encoding depending on whether classic DNS or LLMNR is used as transport. In the next releases we intend to add a DNSSEC and mDNS/DNS-SD implementation to systemd-resolved. * A new NSS module nss-mymachines has been added, that automatically resolves the names of all local registered containers to their respective IP addresses. * A new client tool "networkctl" for systemd-networkd has been added. It currently is entirely passive and will query networking configuration from udev, rtnetlink and networkd, and present it to the user in a very friendly way. Eventually, we hope to extend it to become a full control utility for networkd. * .socket units gained a new DeferAcceptSec= setting that controls the kernels' TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT sockopt for TCP. Similar, support for controlling TCP keep-alive settings has been added (KeepAliveTimeSec=, KeepAliveIntervalSec=, KeepAliveProbes=). Also, support for turning off Nagle's algorithm on TCP has been added (NoDelay=). * logind learned a new session type "web", for use in projects like Cockpit which register web clients as PAM sessions. * timer units with at least one OnCalendar= setting will now be started only after timer-sync.target has been reached. This way they will not elapse before the system clock has been corrected by a local NTP client or similar. This is particular useful on RTC-less embedded machines, that come up with an invalid system clock. * systemd-nspawn's --network-veth= switch should now result in stable MAC addresses for both the outer and the inner side of the link. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --volatile= switch for running container instances with /etc or /var unpopulated. * The kdbus client code has been updated to use the new Linux 3.17 memfd subsystem instead of the old kdbus-specific one. * systemd-networkd's DHCP client and server now support FORCERENEW. There are also new configuration options to configure the vendor client identifier and broadcast mode for DHCP. * systemd will no longer inform the kernel about the current timezone, as this is necessarily incorrect and racy as the kernel has no understanding of DST and similar concepts. This hence means FAT timestamps will be always considered UTC, similar to what Android is already doing. Also, when the RTC is configured to the local time (rather than UTC) systemd will never synchronize back to it, as this might confuse Windows at a later boot. * systemd-analyze gained a new command "verify" for offline validation of unit files. * systemd-networkd gained support for a couple of additional settings for bonding networking setups. Also, the metric for statically configured routes may now be configured. For network interfaces where this is appropriate the peer IP address may now be configured. * systemd-networkd's DHCP client will no longer request broadcasting by default, as this tripped up some networks. For hardware where broadcast is required the feature should be switched back on using RequestBroadcast=yes. * systemd-networkd will now set up IPv4LL addresses (when enabled) even if DHCP is configured successfully. * udev will now default to respect network device names given by the kernel when the kernel indicates that these are predictable. This behavior can be tweaked by changing NamePolicy= in the relevant .link file. * A new library systemd-terminal has been added that implements full TTY stream parsing and rendering. This library is supposed to be used later on for implementing a full userspace VT subsystem, replacing the current kernel implementation. * A new tool systemd-journal-upload has been added to push journal data to a remote system running systemd-journal-remote. * journald will no longer forward all local data to another running syslog daemon. This change has been made because rsyslog (which appears to be the most commonly used syslog implementation these days) no longer makes use of this, and instead pulls the data out of the journal on its own. Since forwarding the messages to a non-existent syslog server is more expensive than we assumed we have now turned this off. If you run a syslog server that is not a recent rsyslog version, you have to turn this option on again (ForwardToSyslog= in journald.conf). * journald now optionally supports the LZ4 compressor for larger journal fields. This compressor should perform much better than XZ which was the previous default. * machinectl now shows the IP addresses of local containers, if it knows them, plus the interface name of the container. * A new tool "systemd-escape" has been added that makes it easy to escape strings to build unit names and similar. * sd_notify() messages may now include a new ERRNO= field which is parsed and collected by systemd and shown among the "systemctl status" output for a service. * A new component "systemd-firstboot" has been added that queries the most basic systemd information (timezone, hostname, root password) interactively on first boot. Alternatively it may also be used to provision these things offline on OS images installed into directories. * The default sysctl.d/ snippets will now set net.ipv4.conf.default.promote_secondaries=1 This has the benefit of no flushing secondary IP addresses when primary addresses are removed. Contributions from: Ansgar Burchardt, Bastien Nocera, Colin Walters, Dan Dedrick, Daniel Buch, Daniel Korostil, Daniel Mack, Dan Williams, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Denis Kenzior, Eelco Dolstra, Eric Cook, Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Hong Shick Pak, Hui Wang, Jean-André Santoni, Jóhann B. Guðmundsson, Jon Severinsson, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Kevin Wells, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miguel Angel Ajo, Mike Gilbert, Olivier Brunel, Robert Schiele, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie, Sjoerd Simons, Stef Walter, Steven Noonan, Susant Sahani, Tanu Kaskinen, Thomas Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Timofey Titovets, Tobias Geerinckx-Rice, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2014-08-19 CHANGES WITH 215: * A new tool systemd-sysusers has been added. This tool creates system users and groups in /etc/passwd and /etc/group, based on static declarative system user/group definitions in /usr/lib/sysusers.d/. This is useful to enable factory resets and volatile systems that boot up with an empty /etc directory, and thus need system users and groups created during early boot. systemd now also ships with two default sysusers.d/ files for the most basic users and groups systemd and the core operating system require. * A new tmpfiles snippet has been added that rebuilds the essential files in /etc on boot, should they be missing. * A directive for ensuring automatic clean-up of /var/cache/man/ has been removed from the default configuration. This line should now be shipped by the man implementation. The necessary change has been made to the man-db implementation. Note that you need to update your man implementation to one that ships this line, otherwise no automatic clean-up of /var/cache/man will take place. * A new condition ConditionNeedsUpdate= has been added that may conditionalize services to only run when /etc or /var are "older" than the vendor operating system resources in /usr. This is useful for reconstructing or updating /etc after an offline update of /usr or a factory reset, on the next reboot. Services that want to run once after such an update or reset should use this condition and order themselves before the new systemd-update-done.service, which will mark the two directories as fully updated. A number of service files have been added making use of this, to rebuild the udev hardware database, the journald message catalog and dynamic loader cache (ldconfig). The systemd-sysusers tool described above also makes use of this now. With this in place it is now possible to start up a minimal operating system with /etc empty cleanly. For more information on the concepts involved see this recent blog story: http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/stateless.html * A new system group "input" has been introduced, and all input device nodes get this group assigned. This is useful for system-level software to get access to input devices. It complements what is already done for "audio" and "video". * systemd-networkd learnt minimal DHCPv4 server support in addition to the existing DHCPv4 client support. It also learnt DHCPv6 client and IPv6 Router Solicitation client support. The DHCPv4 client gained support for static routes passed in from the server. Note that the [DHCPv4] section known in older systemd-networkd versions has been renamed to [DHCP] and is now also used by the DHCPv6 client. Existing .network files using settings of this section should be updated, though compatibility is maintained. Optionally, the client hostname may now be sent to the DHCP server. * networkd gained support for vxlan virtual networks as well as tun/tap and dummy devices. * networkd gained support for automatic allocation of address ranges for interfaces from a system-wide pool of addresses. This is useful for dynamically managing a large number of interfaces with a single network configuration file. In particular this is useful to easily assign appropriate IP addresses to the veth links of a large number of nspawn instances. * RPM macros for processing sysusers, sysctl and binfmt drop-in snippets at package installation time have been added. * The /etc/os-release file should now be placed in /usr/lib/os-release. The old location is automatically created as symlink. /usr/lib is the more appropriate location of this file, since it shall actually describe the vendor operating system shipped in /usr, and not the configuration stored in /etc. * .mount units gained a new boolean SloppyOptions= setting that maps to mount(8)'s -s option which enables permissive parsing of unknown mount options. * tmpfiles learnt a new "L+" directive which creates a symlink but (unlike "L") deletes a pre-existing file first, should it already exist and not already be the correct symlink. Similar, "b+", "c+" and "p+" directives have been added as well, which create block and character devices, as well as fifos in the filesystem, possibly removing any pre-existing files of different types. * For tmpfiles' "L", "L+", "C" and "C+" directives the final 'argument' field (which so far specified the source to symlink/copy the files from) is now optional. If omitted the same file os copied from /usr/share/factory/ suffixed by the full destination path. This is useful for populating /etc with essential files, by copying them from vendor defaults shipped in /usr/share/factory/etc. * A new command "systemctl preset-all" has been added that applies the service preset settings to all installed unit files. A new switch --preset-mode= has been added that controls whether only enable or only disable operations shall be executed. * A new command "systemctl is-system-running" has been added that allows checking the overall state of the system, for example whether it is fully up and running. * When the system boots up with an empty /etc, the equivalent to "systemctl preset-all" is executed during early boot, to make sure all default services are enabled after a factory reset. * systemd now contains a minimal preset file that enables the most basic services systemd ships by default. * Unit files' [Install] section gained a new DefaultInstance= field for defining the default instance to create if a template unit is enabled with no instance specified. * A new passive target cryptsetup-pre.target has been added that may be used by services that need to make they run and finish before the first LUKS cryptographic device is set up. * The /dev/loop-control and /dev/btrfs-control device nodes are now owned by the "disk" group by default, opening up access to this group. * systemd-coredump will now automatically generate a stack trace of all core dumps taking place on the system, based on elfutils' libdw library. This stack trace is logged to the journal. * systemd-coredump may now optionally store coredumps directly on disk (in /var/lib/systemd/coredump, possibly compressed), instead of storing them unconditionally in the journal. This mode is the new default. A new configuration file /etc/systemd/coredump.conf has been added to configure this and other parameters of systemd-coredump. * coredumpctl gained a new "info" verb to show details about a specific coredump. A new switch "-1" has also been added that makes sure to only show information about the most recent entry instead of all entries. Also, as the tool is generally useful now the "systemd-" prefix of the binary name has been removed. Distributions that want to maintain compatibility with the old name should add a symlink from the old name to the new name. * journald's SplitMode= now defaults to "uid". This makes sure that unprivileged users can access their own coredumps with coredumpctl without restrictions. * New kernel command line options "systemd.wants=" (for pulling an additional unit during boot), "systemd.mask=" (for masking a specific unit for the boot), and "systemd.debug-shell" (for enabling the debug shell on tty9) have been added. This is implemented in the new generator "systemd-debug-generator". * systemd-nspawn will now by default filter a couple of syscalls for containers, among them those required for kernel module loading, direct x86 IO port access, swap management, and kexec. Most importantly though open_by_handle_at() is now prohibited for containers, closing a hole similar to a recently discussed vulnerability in docker regarding access to files on file hierarchies the container should normally not have access to. Note that for nspawn we generally make no security claims anyway (and this is explicitly documented in the man page), so this is just a fix for one of the most obvious problems. * A new man page file-hierarchy(7) has been added that contains a minimized, modernized version of the file system layout systemd expects, similar in style to the FHS specification or hier(5). A new tool systemd-path(1) has been added to query many of these paths for the local machine and user. * Automatic time-based clean-up of $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is no longer done. Since the directory now has a per-user size limit, and is cleaned on logout this appears unnecessary, in particular since this now brings the lifecycle of this directory closer in line with how IPC objects are handled. * systemd.pc now exports a number of additional directories, including $libdir (which is useful to identify the library path for the primary architecture of the system), and a couple of drop-in directories. * udev's predictable network interface names now use the dev_port sysfs attribute, introduced in linux 3.15 instead of dev_id to distinguish between ports of the same PCI function. dev_id should only be used for ports using the same HW address, hence the need for dev_port. * machined has been updated to export the OS version of a container (read from /etc/os-release and /usr/lib/os-release) on the bus. This is now shown in "machinectl status" for a machine. * A new service setting RestartForceExitStatus= has been added. If configured to a set of exit signals or process return values, the service will be restarted when the main daemon process exits with any of them, regardless of the Restart= setting. * systemctl's -H switch for connecting to remote systemd machines has been extended so that it may be used to directly connect to a specific container on the host. "systemctl -H root@foobar:waldi" will now connect as user "root" to host "foobar", and then proceed directly to the container named "waldi". Note that currently you have to authenticate as user "root" for this to work, as entering containers is a privileged operation. Contributions from: Andreas Henriksson, Benjamin Steinwender, Carl Schaefer, Christian Hesse, Colin Ian King, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Eugene Yakubovich, Filipe Brandenburger, Frederic Crozat, Hristo Venev, Jan Engelhardt, Jonathan Boulle, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Luke Shumaker, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcel Holtmann, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Michal Sekletar, Patrik Flykt, Ronan Le Martret, Ronny Chevalier, Ruediger Oertel, Steven Noonan, Susant Sahani, Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tom Hirst, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uoti Urpala, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2014-07-03 CHANGES WITH 214: * As an experimental feature, udev now tries to lock the disk device node (flock(LOCK_SH|LOCK_NB)) while it executes events for the disk or any of its partitions. Applications like partitioning programs can lock the disk device node (flock(LOCK_EX)) and claim temporary device ownership that way; udev will entirely skip all event handling for this disk and its partitions. If the disk was opened for writing, the close will trigger a partition table rescan in udev's "watch" facility, and if needed synthesize "change" events for the disk and all its partitions. This is now unconditionally enabled, and if it turns out to cause major problems, we might turn it on only for specific devices, or might need to disable it entirely. Device Mapper devices are excluded from this logic. * We temporarily dropped the "-l" switch for fsck invocations, since they collide with the flock() logic above. util-linux upstream has been changed already to avoid this conflict, and we will readd "-l" as soon as util-linux with this change has been released. * The dependency on libattr has been removed. Since a long time, the extended attribute calls have moved to glibc, and libattr is thus unnecessary. * Virtualization detection works without priviliges now. This means the systemd-detect-virt binary no longer requires CAP_SYS_PTRACE file capabilities, and our daemons can run with fewer privileges. * systemd-networkd now runs under its own "systemd-network" user. It retains the CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE, CAP_NET_BROADCAST, CAP_NET_RAW capabilities though, but loses the ability to write to files owned by root this way. * Similar, systemd-resolved now runs under its own "systemd-resolve" user with no capabilities remaining. * Similar, systemd-bus-proxyd now runs under its own "systemd-bus-proxy" user with only CAP_IPC_OWNER remaining. * systemd-networkd gained support for setting up "veth" virtual ethernet devices for container connectivity, as well as GRE and VTI tunnels. * systemd-networkd will no longer automatically attempt to manually load kernel modules necessary for certain tunnel transports. Instead, it is assumed the kernel loads them automatically when required. This only works correctly on very new kernels. On older kernels, please consider adding the kernel modules to /etc/modules-load.d/ as a work-around. * The resolv.conf file systemd-resolved generates has been moved to /run/systemd/resolve/. If you have a symlink from /etc/resolv.conf, it might be necessary to correct it. * Two new service settings, ProtectHome= and ProtectSystem=, have been added. When enabled, they will make the user data (such as /home) inaccessible or read-only and the system (such as /usr) read-only, for specific services. This allows very light-weight per-service sandboxing to avoid modifications of user data or system files from services. These two new switches have been enabled for all of systemd's long-running services, where appropriate. * Socket units gained new SocketUser= and SocketGroup= settings to set the owner user and group of AF_UNIX sockets and FIFOs in the file system. * Socket units gained a new RemoveOnStop= setting. If enabled, all FIFOS and sockets in the file system will be removed when the specific socket unit is stopped. * Socket units gained a new Symlinks= setting. It takes a list of symlinks to create to file system sockets or FIFOs created by the specific Unix sockets. This is useful to manage symlinks to socket nodes with the same life-cycle as the socket itself. * The /dev/log socket and /dev/initctl FIFO have been moved to /run, and have been replaced by symlinks. This allows connecting to these facilities even if PrivateDevices=yes is used for a service (which makes /dev/log itself unavailable, but /run is left). This also has the benefit of ensuring that /dev only contains device nodes, directories and symlinks, and nothing else. * sd-daemon gained two new calls sd_pid_notify() and sd_pid_notifyf(). They are similar to sd_notify() and sd_notifyf(), but allow overriding of the source PID of notification messages if permissions permit this. This is useful to send notify messages on behalf of a different process (for example, the parent process). The systemd-notify tool has been updated to make use of this when sending messages (so that notification messages now originate from the shell script invoking systemd-notify and not the systemd-notify process itself. This should minimize a race where systemd fails to associate notification messages to services when the originating process already vanished. * A new "on-abnormal" setting for Restart= has been added. If set, it will result in automatic restarts on all "abnormal" reasons for a process to exit, which includes unclean signals, core dumps, timeouts and watchdog timeouts, but does not include clean and unclean exit codes or clean signals. Restart=on-abnormal is an alternative for Restart=on-failure for services that shall be able to terminate and avoid restarts on certain errors, by indicating so with an unclean exit code. Restart=on-failure or Restart=on-abnormal is now the recommended setting for all long-running services. * If the InaccessibleDirectories= service setting points to a mount point (or if there are any submounts contained within it), it is now attempted to completely unmount it, to make the file systems truly unavailable for the respective service. * The ReadOnlyDirectories= service setting and systemd-nspawn's --read-only parameter are now recursively applied to all submounts, too. * Mount units may now be created transiently via the bus APIs. * The support for SysV and LSB init scripts has been removed from the systemd daemon itself. Instead, it is now implemented as a generator that creates native systemd units from these scripts when needed. This enables us to remove a substantial amount of legacy code from PID 1, following the fact that many distributions only ship a very small number of LSB/SysV init scripts nowadays. * Priviliged Xen (dom0) domains are not considered virtualization anymore by the virtualization detection logic. After all, they generally have unrestricted access to the hardware and usually are used to manage the unprivileged (domU) domains. * systemd-tmpfiles gained a new "C" line type, for copying files or entire directories. * systemd-tmpfiles "m" lines are now fully equivalent to "z" lines. So far, they have been non-globbing versions of the latter, and have thus been redundant. In future, it is recommended to only use "z". "m" has hence been removed from the documentation, even though it stays supported. * A tmpfiles snippet to recreate the most basic structure in /var has been added. This is enough to create the /var/run → /run symlink and create a couple of structural directories. This allows systems to boot up with an empty or volatile /var. Of course, while with this change, the core OS now is capable with dealing with a volatile /var, not all user services are ready for it. However, we hope that sooner or later, many service daemons will be changed upstream so that they are able to automatically create their necessary directories in /var at boot, should they be missing. This is the first step to allow state-less systems that only require the vendor image for /usr to boot. * systemd-nspawn has gained a new --tmpfs= switch to mount an empty tmpfs instance to a specific directory. This is particularly useful for making use of the automatic reconstruction of /var (see above), by passing --tmpfs=/var. * Access modes specified in tmpfiles snippets may now be prefixed with "~", which indicates that they shall be masked by whether the existing file or directory is currently writable, readable or executable at all. Also, if specified, the sgid/suid/sticky bits will be masked for all non-directories. * A new passive target unit "network-pre.target" has been added which is useful for services that shall run before any network is configured, for example firewall scripts. * The "floppy" group that previously owned the /dev/fd* devices is no longer used. The "disk" group is now used instead. Distributions should probably deprecate usage of this group. Contributions from: Camilo Aguilar, Christian Hesse, Colin Ian King, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dave Reisner, David Strauss, Denis Tikhomirov, John, Jonathan Liu, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Mark Eichin, Ronny Chevalier, Susant Sahani, Thomas Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2014-06-11 CHANGES WITH 213: * A new "systemd-timesyncd" daemon has been added for synchronizing the system clock across the network. It implements an SNTP client. In contrast to NTP implementations such as chrony or the NTP reference server, this only implements a client side, and does not bother with the full NTP complexity, focusing only on querying time from one remote server and synchronizing the local clock to it. Unless you intend to serve NTP to networked clients or want to connect to local hardware clocks, this simple NTP client should be more than appropriate for most installations. The daemon runs with minimal privileges, and has been hooked up with networkd to only operate when network connectivity is available. The daemon saves the current clock to disk every time a new NTP sync has been acquired, and uses this to possibly correct the system clock early at bootup, in order to accommodate for systems that lack an RTC such as the Raspberry Pi and embedded devices, and to make sure that time monotonically progresses on these systems, even if it is not always correct. To make use of this daemon, a new system user and group "systemd-timesync" needs to be created on installation of systemd. * The queue "seqnum" interface of libudev has been disabled, as it was generally incompatible with device namespacing as sequence numbers of devices go "missing" if the devices are part of a different namespace. * "systemctl list-timers" and "systemctl list-sockets" gained a --recursive switch for showing units of these types also for all local containers, similar in style to the already supported --recursive switch for "systemctl list-units". * A new RebootArgument= setting has been added for service units, which may be used to specify a kernel reboot argument to use when triggering reboots with StartLimitAction=. * A new FailureAction= setting has been added for service units which may be used to specify an operation to trigger when a service fails. This works similarly to StartLimitAction=, but unlike it, controls what is done immediately rather than only after several attempts to restart the service in question. * hostnamed got updated to also expose the kernel name, release, and version on the bus. This is useful for executing commands like hostnamectl with the -H switch. systemd-analyze makes use of this to properly display details when running non-locally. * The bootchart tool can now show cgroup information in the graphs it generates. * The CFS CPU quota cgroup attribute is now exposed for services. The new CPUQuota= switch has been added for this which takes a percentage value. Setting this will have the result that a service may never get more CPU time than the specified percentage, even if the machine is otherwise idle. * systemd-networkd learned IPIP and SIT tunnel support. * LSB init scripts exposing a dependency on $network will now get a dependency on network-online.target rather than simply network.target. This should bring LSB handling closer to what it was on SysV systems. * A new fsck.repair= kernel option has been added to control how fsck shall deal with unclean file systems at boot. * The (.ini) configuration file parser will now silently ignore sections whose name begins with "X-". This may be used to maintain application-specific extension sections in unit files. * machined gained a new API to query the IP addresses of registered containers. "machinectl status" has been updated to show these addresses in its output. * A new call sd_uid_get_display() has been added to the sd-login APIs for querying the "primary" session of a user. The "primary" session of the user is elected from the user's sessions and generally a graphical session is preferred over a text one. * A minimal systemd-resolved daemon has been added. It currently simply acts as a companion to systemd-networkd and manages resolv.conf based on per-interface DNS configuration, possibly supplied via DHCP. In the long run we hope to extend this into a local DNSSEC enabled DNS and mDNS cache. * The systemd-networkd-wait-online tool is now enabled by default. It will delay network-online.target until a network connection has been configured. The tool primarily integrates with networkd, but will also make a best effort to make sense of network configuration performed in some other way. * Two new service options StartupCPUShares= and StartupBlockIOWeight= have been added that work similarly to CPUShares= and BlockIOWeight= however only apply during system startup. This is useful to prioritize certain services differently during bootup than during normal runtime. * hostnamed has been changed to prefer the statically configured hostname in /etc/hostname (unless set to 'localhost' or empty) over any dynamic one supplied by dhcp. With this change, the rules for picking the hostname match more closely the rules of other configuration settings where the local administrator's configuration in /etc always overrides any other settings. Contributions fron: Ali H. Caliskan, Alison Chaiken, Bas van den Berg, Brandon Philips, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dan Kilman, Dave Reisner, David Härdeman, David Herrmann, David Strauss, Dimitris Spingos, Djalal Harouni, Eelco Dolstra, Evan Nemerson, Florian Albrechtskirchinger, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan Engelhardt, Jani Nikula, Jason St. John, Jeffrey Clark, Jonathan Boulle, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Nis Martensen, Patrik Flykt, Philip Lorenz, poma, Ray Strode, Reyad Attiyat, Robert Milasan, Scott Thrasher, Stef Walter, Steven Siloti, Susant Sahani, Tanu Kaskinen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Will Woods, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Beijing, 2014-05-28 CHANGES WITH 212: * When restoring the screen brightness at boot, stay away from the darkest setting or from the lowest 5% of the available range, depending on which is the larger value of both. This should effectively protect the user from rebooting into a black screen, should the brightness have been set to minimum by accident. * sd-login gained a new sd_machine_get_class() call to determine the class ("vm" or "container") of a machine registered with machined. * sd-login gained new calls sd_peer_get_{session,owner_uid,unit,user_unit,slice,machine_name}(), to query the identity of the peer of a local AF_UNIX connection. They operate similarly to their sd_pid_get_xyz() counterparts. * PID 1 will now maintain a system-wide system state engine with the states "starting", "running", "degraded", "maintenance", "stopping". These states are bound to system startup, normal runtime, runtime with at least one failed service, rescue/emergency mode and system shutdown. This state is shown in the "systemctl status" output when no unit name is passed. It is useful to determine system state, in particularly when doing so for many systems or containers at once. * A new command "list-machines" has been added to "systemctl" that lists all local OS containers and shows their system state (see above), if systemd runs inside of them. * systemctl gained a new "-r" switch to recursively enumerate units on all local containers, when used with the "list-unit" command (which is the default one that is executed when no parameters are specified). * The GPT automatic partition discovery logic will now honour two GPT partition flags: one may be set on a partition to cause it to be mounted read-only, and the other may be set on a partition to ignore it during automatic discovery. * Two new GPT type UUIDs have been added for automatic root partition discovery, for 32-bit and 64-bit ARM. This is not particularly useful for discovering the root directory on these architectures during bare-metal boots (since UEFI is not common there), but still very useful to allow booting of ARM disk images in nspawn with the -i option. * MAC addresses of interfaces created with nspawn's --network-interface= switch will now be generated from the machine name, and thus be stable between multiple invocations of the container. * logind will now automatically remove all IPC objects owned by a user if she or he fully logs out. This makes sure that users who are logged out cannot continue to consume IPC resources. This covers SysV memory, semaphores and message queues as well as POSIX shared memory and message queues. Traditionally, SysV and POSIX IPC had no life-cycle limits. With this functionality, that is corrected. This may be turned off by using the RemoveIPC= switch of logind.conf. * The systemd-machine-id-setup and tmpfiles tools gained a --root= switch to operate on a specific root directory, instead of /. * journald can now forward logged messages to the TTYs of all logged in users ("wall"). This is the default for all emergency messages now. * A new tool systemd-journal-remote has been added to stream journal log messages across the network. * /sys/fs/cgroup/ is now mounted read-only after all cgroup controller trees are mounted into it. Note that the directories mounted beneath it are not read-only. This is a security measure and is particularly useful because glibc actually includes a search logic to pick any tmpfs it can find to implement shm_open() if /dev/shm is not available (which it might very well be in namespaced setups). * machinectl gained a new "poweroff" command to cleanly power down a local OS container. * The PrivateDevices= unit file setting will now also drop the CAP_MKNOD capability from the capability bound set, and imply DevicePolicy=closed. * PrivateDevices=, PrivateNetwork= and PrivateTmp= is now used comprehensively on all long-running systemd services where this is appropriate. * systemd-udevd will now run in a disassociated mount namespace. To mount directories from udev rules, make sure to pull in mount units via SYSTEMD_WANTS properties. * The kdbus support gained support for uploading policy into the kernel. sd-bus gained support for creating "monitoring" connections that can eavesdrop into all bus communication for debugging purposes. * Timestamps may now be specified in seconds since the UNIX epoch Jan 1st, 1970 by specifying "@" followed by the value in seconds. * Native tcpwrap support in systemd has been removed. tcpwrap is old code, not really maintained anymore and has serious shortcomings, and better options such as firewalls exist. For setups that require tcpwrap usage, please consider invoking your socket-activated service via tcpd, like on traditional inetd. * A new system.conf configuration option DefaultTimerAccuracySec= has been added that controls the default AccuracySec= setting of .timer units. * Timer units gained a new WakeSystem= switch. If enabled, timers configured this way will cause the system to resume from system suspend (if the system supports that, which most do these days). * Timer units gained a new Persistent= switch. If enabled, timers configured this way will save to disk when they have been last triggered. This information is then used on next reboot to possible execute overdue timer events, that could not take place because the system was powered off. This enables simple anacron-like behaviour for timer units. * systemctl's "list-timers" will now also list the time a timer unit was last triggered in addition to the next time it will be triggered. * systemd-networkd will now assign predictable IPv4LL addresses to its local interfaces. Contributions from: Brandon Philips, Daniel Buch, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Gerd Hoffmann, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Hendrik Brueckner, Jason St. John, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Miklos Vajna, Patrik Flykt, poma, Sebastian Thorarensen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Wieland Hoffmann, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2014-03-25 CHANGES WITH 211: * A new unit file setting RestrictAddressFamilies= has been added to restrict which socket address families unit processes gain access to. This takes address family names like "AF_INET" or "AF_UNIX", and is useful to minimize the attack surface of services via exotic protocol stacks. This is built on seccomp system call filters. * Two new unit file settings RuntimeDirectory= and RuntimeDirectoryMode= have been added that may be used to manage a per-daemon runtime directories below /run. This is an alternative for setting up directory permissions with tmpfiles snippets, and has the advantage that the runtime directory's lifetime is bound to the daemon runtime and that the daemon starts up with an empty directory each time. This is particularly useful when writing services that drop privileges using the User= or Group= setting. * The DeviceAllow= unit setting now supports globbing for matching against device group names. * The systemd configuration file system.conf gained new settings DefaultCPUAccounting=, DefaultBlockIOAccounting=, DefaultMemoryAccounting= to globally turn on/off accounting for specific resources (cgroups) for all units. These settings may still be overridden individually in each unit though. * systemd-gpt-auto-generator is now able to discover /srv and root partitions in addition to /home and swap partitions. It also supports LUKS-encrypted partitions now. With this in place, automatic discovery of partitions to mount following the Discoverable Partitions Specification (http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/DiscoverablePartitionsSpec) is now a lot more complete. This allows booting without /etc/fstab and without root= on the kernel command line on systems prepared appropriately. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --image= switch which allows booting up disk images and Linux installations on any block device that follow the Discoverable Partitions Specification (see above). This means that installations made with appropriately updated installers may now be started and deployed using container managers, completely unmodified. (We hope that libvirt-lxc will add support for this feature soon, too.) * systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-macvlan= setting to set up a private macvlan interface for the container. Similarly, systemd-networkd gained a new Kind=macvlan setting in .netdev files. * systemd-networkd now supports configuring local addresses using IPv4LL. * A new tool systemd-network-wait-online has been added to synchronously wait for network connectivity using systemd-networkd. * The sd-bus.h bus API gained a new sd_bus_track object for tracking the life-cycle of bus peers. Note that sd-bus.h is still not a public API though (unless you specify --enable-kdbus on the configure command line, which however voids your warranty and you get no API stability guarantee). * The $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR runtime directories for each user are now individual tmpfs instances, which has the benefit of introducing separate pools for each user, with individual size limits, and thus making sure that unprivileged clients can no longer negatively impact the system or other users by filling up their $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR. A new logind.conf setting RuntimeDirectorySize= has been introduced that allows controlling the default size limit for all users. It defaults to 10% of the available physical memory. This is no replacement for quotas on tmpfs though (which the kernel still does not support), as /dev/shm and /tmp are still shared resources used by both the system and unprivileged users. * logind will now automatically turn off automatic suspending on laptop lid close when more than one display is connected. This was previously expected to be implemented individually in desktop environments (such as GNOME), however has been added to logind now, in order to fix a boot-time race where a desktop environment might not have been started yet and thus not been able to take an inhibitor lock at the time where logind already suspends the system due to a closed lid. * logind will now wait at least 30s after each system suspend/resume cycle, and 3min after system boot before suspending the system due to a closed laptop lid. This should give USB docking stations and similar enough time to be probed and configured after system resume and boot in order to then act as suspend blocker. * systemd-run gained a new --property= setting which allows initialization of resource control properties (and others) for the created scope or service unit. Example: "systemd-run --property=BlockIOWeight=10 updatedb" may be used to run updatedb at a low block IO scheduling weight. * systemd-run's --uid=, --gid=, --setenv=, --setenv= switches now also work in --scope mode. * When systemd is compiled with kdbus support, basic support for enforced policies is now in place. (Note that enabling kdbus still voids your warranty and no API compatibility promises are made.) Contributions from: Andrey Borzenkov, Ansgar Burchardt, Armin K., Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni, Harald Hoyer, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Jasper St. Pierre, Kay Sievers, Kieran Clancy, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Mark Oteiza, Martin Pitt, Mike Gilbert, Peter Rajnoha, poma, Samuli Suominen, Stef Walter, Susant Sahani, Tero Roponen, Thomas Andersen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uoti Urpala, Zachary Cook, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2014-03-12 CHANGES WITH 210: * systemd will now relabel /dev after loading the SMACK policy according to SMACK rules. * A new unit file option AppArmorProfile= has been added to set the AppArmor profile for the processes of a unit. * A new condition check ConditionArchitecture= has been added to conditionalize units based on the system architecture, as reported by uname()'s "machine" field. * systemd-networkd now supports matching on the system virtualization, architecture, kernel command line, host name and machine ID. * logind is now a lot more aggressive when suspending the machine due to a closed laptop lid. Instead of acting only on the lid close action, it will continuously watch the lid status and act on it. This is useful for laptops where the power button is on the outside of the chassis so that it can be reached without opening the lid (such as the Lenovo Yoga). On those machines, logind will now immediately re-suspend the machine if the power button has been accidentally pressed while the laptop was suspended and in a backpack or similar. * logind will now watch SW_DOCK switches and inhibit reaction to the lid switch if it is pressed. This means that logind will not suspend the machine anymore if the lid is closed and the system is docked, if the laptop supports SW_DOCK notifications via the input layer. Note that ACPI docking stations do not generate this currently. Also note that this logic is usually not fully sufficient and Desktop Environments should take a lid switch inhibitor lock when an external display is connected, as systemd will not watch this on its own. * nspawn will now make use of the devices cgroup controller by default, and only permit creation of and access to the usual API device nodes like /dev/null or /dev/random, as well as access to (but not creation of) the pty devices. * We will now ship a default .network file for systemd-networkd that automatically configures DHCP for network interfaces created by nspawn's --network-veth or --network-bridge= switches. * systemd will now understand the usual M, K, G, T suffixes according to SI conventions (i.e. to the base 1000) when referring to throughput and hardware metrics. It will stay with IEC conventions (i.e. to the base 1024) for software metrics, according to what is customary according to Wikipedia. We explicitly document which base applies for each configuration option. * The DeviceAllow= setting in unit files now supports a syntax to whitelist an entire group of devices node majors at once, based on the /proc/devices listing. For example, with the string "char-pts", it is now possible to whitelist all current and future pseudo-TTYs at once. * sd-event learned a new "post" event source. Event sources of this type are triggered by the dispatching of any event source of a type that is not "post". This is useful for implementing clean-up and check event sources that are triggered by other work being done in the program. * systemd-networkd is no longer statically enabled, but uses the usual [Install] sections so that it can be enabled/disabled using systemctl. It still is enabled by default however. * When creating a veth interface pair with systemd-nspawn, the host side will now be prefixed with "vb-" if --network-bridge= is used, and with "ve-" if --network-veth is used. This way, it is easy to distinguish these cases on the host, for example to apply different configuration to them with systemd-networkd. * The compatibility libraries for libsystemd-journal.so, libsystem-id128.so, libsystemd-login.so and libsystemd-daemon.so do not make use of IFUNC anymore. Instead, we now build libsystemd.so multiple times under these alternative names. This means that the footprint is drastically increased, but given that these are transitional compatibility libraries, this should not matter much. This change has been made necessary to support the ARM platform for these compatibility libraries, as the ARM toolchain is not really at the same level as the toolchain for other architectures like x86 and does not support IFUNC. Please make sure to use --enable-compat-libs only during a transitional period! Contributions from: Andreas Fuchs, Armin K., Colin Walters, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni, Holger Schurig, Jason A. Donenfeld, Jason St. John, Jasper St. Pierre, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Łukasz Stelmach, Marcel Holtmann, Michael Scherer, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Samuli Suominen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2014-02-24 CHANGES WITH 209: * A new component "systemd-networkd" has been added that can be used to configure local network interfaces statically or via DHCP. It is capable of bringing up bridges, VLANs, and bonding. Currently, no hook-ups for interactive network configuration are provided. Use this for your initrd, container, embedded, or server setup if you need a simple, yet powerful, network configuration solution. This configuration subsystem is quite nifty, as it allows wildcard hotplug matching in interfaces. For example, with a single configuration snippet, you can configure that all Ethernet interfaces showing up are automatically added to a bridge, or similar. It supports link-sensing and more. * A new tool "systemd-socket-proxyd" has been added which can act as a bidirectional proxy for TCP sockets. This is useful for adding socket activation support to services that do not actually support socket activation, including virtual machines and the like. * Add a new tool to save/restore rfkill state on shutdown/boot. * Save/restore state of keyboard backlights in addition to display backlights on shutdown/boot. * udev learned a new SECLABEL{} construct to label device nodes with a specific security label when they appear. For now, only SECLABEL{selinux} is supported, but the syntax is prepared for additional security frameworks. * udev gained a new scheme to configure link-level attributes from files in /etc/systemd/network/*.link. These files can match against MAC address, device path, driver name and type, and will apply attributes like the naming policy, link speed, MTU, duplex settings, Wake-on-LAN settings, MAC address, MAC address assignment policy (randomized, ...). * The configuration of network interface naming rules for "permanent interface names" has changed: a new NamePolicy= setting in the [Link] section of .link files determines the priority of possible naming schemes (onboard, slot, mac, path). The default value of this setting is determined by /usr/lib/net/links/99-default.link. Old 80-net-name-slot.rules udev configuration file has been removed, so local configuration overriding this file should be adapated to override 99-default.link instead. * When the User= switch is used in a unit file, also initialize $SHELL= based on the user database entry. * systemd no longer depends on libdbus. All communication is now done with sd-bus, systemd's low-level bus library implementation. * kdbus support has been added to PID 1 itself. When kdbus is enabled, this causes PID 1 to set up the system bus and enable support for a new ".busname" unit type that encapsulates bus name activation on kdbus. It works a little bit like ".socket" units, except for bus names. A new generator has been added that converts classic dbus1 service activation files automatically into native systemd .busname and .service units. * sd-bus: add a light-weight vtable implementation that allows defining objects on the bus with a simple static const vtable array of its methods, signals and properties. * systemd will not generate or install static dbus introspection data anymore to /usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces, as the precise format of these files is unclear, and nothing makes use of it. * A proxy daemon is now provided to proxy clients connecting via classic D-Bus AF_UNIX sockets to kdbus, to provide full compatibility with classic D-Bus. * A bus driver implementation has been added that supports the classic D-Bus bus driver calls on kdbus, also for compatibility purposes. * A new API "sd-event.h" has been added that implements a minimal event loop API built around epoll. It provides a couple of features that direct epoll usage is lacking: prioritization of events, scales to large numbers of timer events, per-event timer slack (accuracy), system-wide coalescing of timer events, exit handlers, watchdog supervision support using systemd's sd_notify() API, child process handling. * A new API "sd-rntl.h" has been added that provides an API around the route netlink interface of the kernel, similar in style to "sd-bus.h". * A new API "sd-dhcp-client.h" has been added that provides a small DHCPv4 client-side implementation. This is used by "systemd-networkd". * There is a new kernel command line option "systemd.restore_state=0|1". When set to "0", none of the systemd tools will restore saved runtime state to hardware devices. More specifically, the rfkill and backlight states are not restored. * The FsckPassNo= compatibility option in mount/service units has been removed. The fstab generator will now add the necessary dependencies automatically, and does not require PID1's support for that anymore. * journalctl gained a new switch, --list-boots, that lists recent boots with their times and boot IDs. * The various tools like systemctl, loginctl, timedatectl, busctl, systemd-run, ... have gained a new switch "-M" to connect to a specific, local OS container (as direct connection, without requiring SSH). This works on any container that is registered with machined, such as those created by libvirt-lxc or nspawn. * systemd-run and systemd-analyze also gained support for "-H" to connect to remote hosts via SSH. This is particularly useful for systemd-run because it enables queuing of jobs onto remote systems. * machinectl gained a new command "login" to open a getty login in any local container. This works with any container that is registered with machined (such as those created by libvirt-lxc or nspawn), and which runs systemd inside. * machinectl gained a new "reboot" command that may be used to trigger a reboot on a specific container that is registered with machined. This works on any container that runs an init system of some kind. * systemctl gained a new "list-timers" command to print a nice listing of installed timer units with the times they elapse next. * Alternative reboot() parameters may now be specified on the "systemctl reboot" command line and are passed to the reboot() system call. * systemctl gained a new --job-mode= switch to configure the mode to queue a job with. This is a more generic version of --fail, --irreversible, and --ignore-dependencies, which are still available but not advertised anymore. * /etc/systemd/system.conf gained new settings to configure various default timeouts of units, as well as the default start limit interval and burst. These may still be overridden within each Unit. * PID1 will now export on the bus profile data of the security policy upload process (such as the SELinux policy upload to the kernel). * journald: when forwarding logs to the console, include timestamps (following the setting in /sys/module/printk/parameters/time). * OnCalendar= in timer units now understands the special strings "yearly" and "annually". (Both are equivalent) * The accuracy of timer units is now configurable with the new AccuracySec= setting. It defaults to 1min. * A new dependency type JoinsNamespaceOf= has been added that allows running two services within the same /tmp and network namespace, if PrivateNetwork= or PrivateTmp= are used. * A new command "cat" has been added to systemctl. It outputs the original unit file of a unit, and concatenates the contents of additional "drop-in" unit file snippets, so that the full configuration is shown. * systemctl now supports globbing on the various "list-xyz" commands, like "list-units" or "list-sockets", as well as on those commands which take multiple unit names. * journalctl's --unit= switch gained support for globbing. * All systemd daemons now make use of the watchdog logic so that systemd automatically notices when they hang. * If the $container_ttys environment variable is set, getty-generator will automatically spawn a getty for each listed tty. This is useful for container managers to request login gettys to be spawned on as many ttys as needed. * %h, %s, %U specifier support is not available anymore when used in unit files for PID 1. This is because NSS calls are not safe from PID 1. They stay available for --user instances of systemd, and as special case for the root user. * loginctl gained a new "--no-legend" switch to turn off output of the legend text. * The "sd-login.h" API gained three new calls: sd_session_is_remote(), sd_session_get_remote_user(), sd_session_get_remote_host() to query information about remote sessions. * The udev hardware database now also carries vendor/product information of SDIO devices. * The "sd-daemon.h" API gained a new sd_watchdog_enabled() to determine whether watchdog notifications are requested by the system manager. * Socket-activated per-connection services now include a short description of the connection parameters in the description. * tmpfiles gained a new "--boot" option. When this is not used, only lines where the command character is not suffixed with "!" are executed. When this option is specified, those options are executed too. This partitions tmpfiles directives into those that can be safely executed at any time, and those which should be run only at boot (for example, a line that creates /run/nologin). * A new API "sd-resolve.h" has been added which provides a simple asynchronous wrapper around glibc NSS host name resolution calls, such as getaddrinfo(). In contrast to glibc's getaddrinfo_a(), it does not use signals. In contrast to most other asynchronous name resolution libraries, this one does not reimplement DNS, but reuses NSS, so that alternate host name resolution systems continue to work, such as mDNS, LDAP, etc. This API is based on libasyncns, but it has been cleaned up for inclusion in systemd. * The APIs "sd-journal.h", "sd-login.h", "sd-id128.h", "sd-daemon.h" are no longer found in individual libraries libsystemd-journal.so, libsystemd-login.so, libsystemd-id128.so, libsystemd-daemon.so. Instead, we have merged them into a single library, libsystemd.so, which provides all symbols. The reason for this is cyclic dependencies, as these libraries tend to use each other's symbols. So far, we have managed to workaround that by linking a copy of a good part of our code into each of these libraries again and again, which, however, makes certain things hard to do, like sharing static variables. Also, it substantially increases footprint. With this change, there is only one library for the basic APIs systemd provides. Also, "sd-bus.h", "sd-memfd.h", "sd-event.h", "sd-rtnl.h", "sd-resolve.h", "sd-utf8.h" are found in this library as well, however are subject to the --enable-kdbus switch (see below). Note that "sd-dhcp-client.h" is not part of this library (this is because it only consumes, never provides, services of/to other APIs). To make the transition easy from the separate libraries to the unified one, we provide the --enable-compat-libs compile-time switch which will generate stub libraries that are compatible with the old ones but redirect all calls to the new one. * All of the kdbus logic and the new APIs "sd-bus.h", "sd-memfd.h", "sd-event.h", "sd-rtnl.h", "sd-resolve.h", and "sd-utf8.h" are compile-time optional via the "--enable-kdbus" switch, and they are not compiled in by default. To make use of kdbus, you have to explicitly enable the switch. Note however, that neither the kernel nor the userspace API for all of this is considered stable yet. We want to maintain the freedom to still change the APIs for now. By specifying this build-time switch, you acknowledge that you are aware of the instability of the current APIs. * Also, note that while kdbus is pretty much complete, it lacks one thing: proper policy support. This means you can build a fully working system with all features; however, it will be highly insecure. Policy support will be added in one of the next releases, at the same time that we will declare the APIs stable. * When the kernel command-line argument "kdbus" is specified, systemd will automatically load the kdbus.ko kernel module. At this stage of development, it is only useful for testing kdbus and should not be used in production. Note: if "--enable-kdbus" is specified, and the kdbus.ko kernel module is available, and "kdbus" is added to the kernel command line, the entire system runs with kdbus instead of dbus-daemon, with the above mentioned problem of missing the system policy enforcement. Also a future version of kdbus.ko or a newer systemd will not be compatible with each other, and will unlikely be able to boot the machine if only one of them is updated. * systemctl gained a new "import-environment" command which uploads the caller's environment (or parts thereof) into the service manager so that it is inherited by services started by the manager. This is useful to upload variables like $DISPLAY into the user service manager. * A new PrivateDevices= switch has been added to service units which allows running a service with a namespaced /dev directory that does not contain any device nodes for physical devices. More specifically, it only includes devices such as /dev/null, /dev/urandom, and /dev/zero which are API entry points. * logind has been extended to support behaviour like VT switching on seats that do not support a VT. This makes multi-session available on seats that are not the first seat (seat0), and on systems where kernel support for VTs has been disabled at compile-time. * If a process holds a delay lock for system sleep or shutdown and fails to release it in time, we will now log its identity. This makes it easier to identify processes that cause slow suspends or power-offs. * When parsing /etc/crypttab, support for a new key-slot= option as supported by Debian is added. It allows indicating which LUKS slot to use on disk, speeding up key loading. * The sd_journald_sendv() API call has been checked and officially declared to be async-signal-safe so that it may be invoked from signal handlers for logging purposes. * Boot-time status output is now enabled automatically after a short timeout if boot does not progress, in order to give the user an indication what she or he is waiting for. * The boot-time output has been improved to show how much time remains until jobs expire. * The KillMode= switch in service units gained a new possible value "mixed". If set, and the unit is shut down, then the initial SIGTERM signal is sent only to the main daemon process, while the following SIGKILL signal is sent to all remaining processes of the service. * When a scope unit is registered, a new property "Controller" may be set. If set to a valid bus name, systemd will send a RequestStop() signal to this name when it would like to shut down the scope. This may be used to hook manager logic into the shutdown logic of scope units. Also, scope units may now be put in a special "abandoned" state, in which case the manager process which created them takes no further responsibilities for it. * When reading unit files, systemd will now verify the access mode of these files, and warn about certain suspicious combinations. This has been added to make it easier to track down packaging bugs where unit files are marked executable or world-writable. * systemd-nspawn gained a new "--setenv=" switch to set container-wide environment variables. The similar option in systemd-activate was renamed from "--environment=" to "--setenv=" for consistency. * systemd-nspawn has been updated to create a new kdbus domain for each container that is invoked, thus allowing each container to have its own set of system and user buses, independent of the host. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --drop-capability= switch to run the container with less capabilities than the default. Both --drop-capability= and --capability= now take the special string "all" for dropping or keeping all capabilities. * systemd-nspawn gained new switches for executing containers with specific SELinux labels set. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --quiet switch to not generate any additional output but the container's own console output. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --share-system switch to run a container without PID namespacing enabled. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --register= switch to control whether the container is registered with systemd-machined or not. This is useful for containers that do not run full OS images, but only specific apps. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --keep-unit which may be used when invoked as the only program from a service unit, and results in registration of the unit service itself in systemd-machined, instead of a newly opened scope unit. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-interface= switch for moving arbitrary interfaces to the container. The new --network-veth switch creates a virtual Ethernet connection between host and container. The new --network-bridge= switch then allows assigning the host side of this virtual Ethernet connection to a bridge device. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --personality= switch for setting the kernel personality for the container. This is useful when running a 32-bit container on a 64-bit host. A similar option Personality= is now also available for service units to use. * logind will now also track a "Desktop" identifier for each session which encodes the desktop environment of it. This is useful for desktop environments that want to identify multiple running sessions of itself easily. * A new SELinuxContext= setting for service units has been added that allows setting a specific SELinux execution context for a service. * Most systemd client tools will now honour $SYSTEMD_LESS for settings of the "less" pager. By default, these tools will override $LESS to allow certain operations to work, such as jump-to-the-end. With $SYSTEMD_LESS, it is possible to influence this logic. * systemd's "seccomp" hook-up has been changed to make use of the libseccomp library instead of using its own implementation. This has benefits for portability among other things. * For usage together with SystemCallFilter=, a new SystemCallErrorNumber= setting has been introduced that allows configuration of a system error number to be returned on filtered system calls, instead of immediately killing the process. Also, SystemCallArchitectures= has been added to limit access to system calls of a particular architecture (in order to turn off support for unused secondary architectures). There is also a global SystemCallArchitectures= setting in system.conf now to turn off support for non-native system calls system-wide. * systemd requires a kernel with a working name_to_handle_at(), please see the kernel config requirements in the README file. Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alex Jia, Anatol Pomozov, Ansgar Burchardt, AppleBloom, Auke Kok, Bastien Nocera, Chengwei Yang, Christian Seiler, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniele Medri, Daniel J Walsh, Daniel Mack, Dan McGee, Dave Reisner, David Coppa, David Herrmann, David Strauss, Djalal Harouni, Dmitry Pisklov, Elia Pinto, Florian Weimer, George McCollister, Goffredo Baroncelli, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Hendrik Brueckner, Igor Zhbanov, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jason A. Donenfeld, Jason St. John, Jasper St. Pierre, Jóhann B. Guðmundsson, Jose Ignacio Naranjo, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Kristian Høgsberg, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Luke Shumaker, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcel Holtmann, Marcos Felipe Rasia de Mello, Marko Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael Marineau, Michael Scherer, Michał Górny, Michal Sekletar, Michele Curti, Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Patrik Flykt, Pavel Holica, Raudi, Richard Marko, Ronny Chevalier, Sébastien Luttringer, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Simon Peeters, Stefan Beller, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Plantefeve, Sylvia Else, Tero Roponen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Unai Uribarri, Václav Pavlín, Vincent Batts, WaLyong Cho, William Giokas, Yang Zhiyong, Yin Kangkai, Yuxuan Shui, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2014-02-20 CHANGES WITH 208: * logind has gained support for facilitating privileged input and drm device access for unprivileged clients. This work is useful to allow Wayland display servers (and similar programs, such as kmscon) to run under the user's ID and access input and drm devices which are normally protected. When this is used (and the kernel is new enough) logind will "mute" IO on the file descriptors passed to Wayland as long as it is in the background and "unmute" it if it returns into the foreground. This allows secure session switching without allowing background sessions to eavesdrop on input and display data. This also introduces session switching support if VT support is turned off in the kernel, and on seats that are not seat0. * A new kernel command line option luks.options= is understood now which allows specifying LUKS options for usage for LUKS encrypted partitions specified with luks.uuid=. * tmpfiles.d(5) snippets may now use specifier expansion in path names. More specifically %m, %b, %H, %v, are now replaced by the local machine id, boot id, hostname, and kernel version number. * A new tmpfiles.d(5) command "m" has been introduced which may be used to change the owner/group/access mode of a file or directory if it exists, but do nothing if it does not. * This release removes high-level support for the MemorySoftLimit= cgroup setting. The underlying kernel cgroup attribute memory.soft_limit= is currently badly designed and likely to be removed from the kernel API in its current form, hence we should not expose it for now. * The memory.use_hierarchy cgroup attribute is now enabled for all cgroups systemd creates in the memory cgroup hierarchy. This option is likely to be come the built-in default in the kernel anyway, and the non-hierarchial mode never made much sense in the intrinsically hierarchial cgroup system. * A new field _SYSTEMD_SLICE= is logged along with all journal messages containing the slice a message was generated from. This is useful to allow easy per-customer filtering of logs among other things. * systemd-journald will no longer adjust the group of journal files it creates to the "systemd-journal" group. Instead we rely on the journal directory to be owned by the "systemd-journal" group, and its setgid bit set, so that the kernel file system layer will automatically enforce that journal files inherit this group assignment. The reason for this change is that we cannot allow NSS look-ups from journald which would be necessary to resolve "systemd-journal" to a numeric GID, because this might create deadlocks if NSS involves synchronous queries to other daemons (such as nscd, or sssd) which in turn are logging clients of journald and might block on it, which would then dead lock. A tmpfiles.d(5) snippet included in systemd will make sure the setgid bit and group are properly set on the journal directory if it exists on every boot. However, we recommend adjusting it manually after upgrades too (or from RPM scriptlets), so that the change is not delayed until next reboot. * Backlight and random seed files in /var/lib/ have moved into the /var/lib/systemd/ directory, in order to centralize all systemd generated files in one directory. * Boot time performance measurements (as displayed by "systemd-analyze" for example) will now read ACPI 5.0 FPDT performance information if that's available to determine how much time BIOS and boot loader initialization required. With a sufficiently new BIOS you hence no longer need to boot with Gummiboot to get access to such information. Contributions from: Andrey Borzenkov, Chen Jie, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Mackey, David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Evan Callicoat, Gao feng, Harald Hoyer, Jimmie Tauriainen, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Michael Scherer, Michał Górny, Mike Gilbert, Patrick McCarty, Sebastian Ott, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2013-10-02 CHANGES WITH 207: * The Restart= option for services now understands a new on-watchdog setting, which will restart the service automatically if the service stops sending out watchdog keep alive messages (as configured with WatchdogSec=). * The getty generator (which is responsible for bringing up a getty on configured serial consoles) will no longer only start a getty on the primary kernel console but on all others, too. This makes the order in which console= is specified on the kernel command line less important. * libsystemd-logind gained a new sd_session_get_vt() call to retrieve the VT number of a session. * If the option "tries=0" is set for an entry of /etc/crypttab its passphrase is queried indefinitely instead of any maximum number of tries. * If a service with a configure PID file terminates its PID file will now be removed automatically if it still exists afterwards. This should put an end to stale PID files. * systemd-run will now also take relative binary path names for execution and no longer insists on absolute paths. * InaccessibleDirectories= and ReadOnlyDirectories= now take paths that are optionally prefixed with "-" to indicate that it should not be considered a failure if they do not exist. * journalctl -o (and similar commands) now understands a new output mode "short-precise", it is similar to "short" but shows timestamps with usec accuracy. * The option "discard" (as known from Debian) is now synonymous to "allow-discards" in /etc/crypttab. In fact, "discard" is preferred now (since it is easier to remember and type). * Some licensing clean-ups were made, so that more code is now LGPL-2.1 licensed than before. * A minimal tool to save/restore the display backlight brightness across reboots has been added. It will store the backlight setting as late as possible at shutdown, and restore it as early as possible during reboot. * A logic to automatically discover and enable home and swap partitions on GPT disks has been added. With this in place /etc/fstab becomes optional for many setups as systemd can discover certain partitions located on the root disk automatically. Home partitions are recognized under their GPT type ID 933ac7e12eb44f13b8440e14e2aef915. Swap partitions are recognized under their GPT type ID 0657fd6da4ab43c484e50933c84b4f4f. * systemd will no longer pass any environment from the kernel or initrd to system services. If you want to set an environment for all services, do so via the kernel command line systemd.setenv= assignment. * The systemd-sysctl tool no longer natively reads the file /etc/sysctl.conf. If desired, the file should be symlinked from /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf. Apart from providing legacy support by a symlink rather than built-in code, it also makes the otherwise hidden order of application of the different files visible. (Note that this partly reverts to a pre-198 application order of sysctl knobs!) * The "systemctl set-log-level" and "systemctl dump" commands have been moved to systemd-analyze. * systemd-run learned the new --remain-after-exit switch, which causes the scope unit not to be cleaned up automatically after the process terminated. * tmpfiles learned a new --exclude-prefix= switch to exclude certain paths from operation. * journald will now automatically flush all messages to disk as soon as a message of the log priorities CRIT, ALERT or EMERG is received. Contributions from: Andrew Cook, Brandon Philips, Christian Hesse, Christoph Junghans, Colin Walters, Daniel Schaal, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Gao feng, George McCollister, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Herczeg Zsolt, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan Engelhardt, Jesper Larsen, Kay Sievers, Khem Raj, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Maciej Wereski, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau, Michael Scherer, Michael Stapelberg, Michal Sekletar, Michał Górny, Olivier Brunel, Ondrej Balaz, Ronny Chevalier, Shawn Landden, Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, WANG Chao, William Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2013-09-13 CHANGES WITH 206: * The documentation has been updated to cover the various new concepts introduced with 205. * Unit files now understand the new %v specifier which resolves to the kernel version string as returned by "uname -r". * systemctl now supports filtering the unit list output by load state, active state and sub state, using the new --state= parameter. * "systemctl status" will now show the results of the condition checks (like ConditionPathExists= and similar) of the last start attempts of the unit. They are also logged to the journal. * "journalctl -b" may now be used to look for boot output of a specific boot. Try "journalctl -b -1" for the previous boot, but the syntax is substantially more powerful. * "journalctl --show-cursor" has been added which prints the cursor string the last shown log line. This may then be used with the new "journalctl --after-cursor=" switch to continue browsing logs from that point on. * "journalctl --force" may now be used to force regeneration of an FSS key. * Creation of "dead" device nodes has been moved from udev into kmod and tmpfiles. Previously, udev would read the kmod databases to pre-generate dead device nodes based on meta information contained in kernel modules, so that these would be auto-loaded on access rather then at boot. As this does not really have much to do with the exposing actual kernel devices to userspace this has always been slightly alien in the udev codebase. Following the new scheme kmod will now generate a runtime snippet for tmpfiles from the module meta information and it now is tmpfiles' job to the create the nodes. This also allows overriding access and other parameters for the nodes using the usual tmpfiles facilities. As side effect this allows us to remove the CAP_SYS_MKNOD capability bit from udevd entirely. * logind's device ACLs may now be applied to these "dead" devices nodes too, thus finally allowing managed access to devices such as /dev/snd/sequencer whithout loading the backing module right-away. * A new RPM macro has been added that may be used to apply tmpfiles configuration during package installation. * systemd-detect-virt and ConditionVirtualization= now can detect User-Mode-Linux machines (UML). * journald will now implicitly log the effective capabilities set of processes in the message metadata. * systemd-cryptsetup has gained support for TrueCrypt volumes. * The initrd interface has been simplified (more specifically, support for passing performance data via environment variables and fsck results via files in /run has been removed). These features were non-essential, and are nowadays available in a much nicer way by having systemd in the initrd serialize its state and have the hosts systemd deserialize it again. * The udev "keymap" data files and tools to apply keyboard specific mappings of scan to key codes, and force-release scan code lists have been entirely replaced by a udev "keyboard" builtin and a hwdb data file. * systemd will now honour the kernel's "quiet" command line argument also during late shutdown, resulting in a completely silent shutdown when used. * There's now an option to control the SO_REUSEPORT socket option in .socket units. * Instance units will now automatically get a per-template subslice of system.slice unless something else is explicitly configured. For example, instances of sshd@.service will now implicitly be placed in system-sshd.slice rather than system.slice as before. * Test coverage support may now be enabled at build time. Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jason St. John, Jesper Larsen, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Maciej Wereski, Martin Pitt, Michael Olbrich, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Ross Lagerwall, Shawn Landden, Thomas H.P. Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tomasz Torcz, William Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek -- Berlin, 2013-07-23 CHANGES WITH 205: * Two new unit types have been introduced: Scope units are very similar to service units, however, are created out of pre-existing processes -- instead of PID 1 forking off the processes. By using scope units it is possible for system services and applications to group their own child processes (worker processes) in a powerful way which then maybe used to organize them, or kill them together, or apply resource limits on them. Slice units may be used to partition system resources in an hierarchial fashion and then assign other units to them. By default there are now three slices: system.slice (for all system services), user.slice (for all user sessions), machine.slice (for VMs and containers). Slices and scopes have been introduced primarily in context of the work to move cgroup handling to a single-writer scheme, where only PID 1 creates/removes/manages cgroups. * There's a new concept of "transient" units. In contrast to normal units these units are created via an API at runtime, not from configuration from disk. More specifically this means it is now possible to run arbitrary programs as independent services, with all execution parameters passed in via bus APIs rather than read from disk. Transient units make systemd substantially more dynamic then it ever was, and useful as a general batch manager. * logind has been updated to make use of scope and slice units for managing user sessions. As a user logs in he will get his own private slice unit, to which all sessions are added as scope units. We also added support for automatically adding an instance of user@.service for the user into the slice. Effectively logind will no longer create cgroup hierarchies on its own now, it will defer entirely to PID 1 for this by means of scope, service and slice units. Since user sessions this way become entities managed by PID 1 the output of "systemctl" is now a lot more comprehensive. * A new mini-daemon "systemd-machined" has been added which may be used by virtualization managers to register local VMs/containers. nspawn has been updated accordingly, and libvirt will be updated shortly. machined will collect a bit of meta information about the VMs/containers, and assign them their own scope unit (see above). The collected meta-data is then made available via the "machinectl" tool, and exposed in "ps" and similar tools. machined/machinectl is compile-time optional. * As discussed earlier, the low-level cgroup configuration options ControlGroup=, ControlGroupModify=, ControlGroupPersistent=, ControlGroupAttribute= have been removed. Please use high-level attribute settings instead as well as slice units. * A new bus call SetUnitProperties() has been added to alter various runtime parameters of a unit. This is primarily useful to alter cgroup parameters dynamically in a nice way, but will be extended later on to make more properties modifiable at runtime. systemctl gained a new set-properties command that wraps this call. * A new tool "systemd-run" has been added which can be used to run arbitrary command lines as transient services or scopes, while configuring a number of settings via the command line. This tool is currently very basic, however already very useful. We plan to extend this tool to even allow queuing of execution jobs with time triggers from the command line, similar in fashion to "at". * nspawn will now inform the user explicitly that kernels with audit enabled break containers, and suggest the user to turn off audit. * Support for detecting the IMA and AppArmor security frameworks with ConditionSecurity= has been added. * journalctl gained a new "-k" switch for showing only kernel messages, mimicking dmesg output; in addition to "--user" and "--system" switches for showing only user's own logs and system logs. * systemd-delta can now show information about drop-in snippets extending unit files. * libsystemd-bus has been substantially updated but is still not available as public API. * systemd will now look for the "debug" argument on the kernel command line and enable debug logging, similar to what "systemd.log_level=debug" already did before. * "systemctl set-default", "systemctl get-default" has been added to configure the default.target symlink, which controls what to boot into by default. * "systemctl set-log-level" has been added as a convenient way to raise and lower systemd logging threshold. * "systemd-analyze plot" will now show the time the various generators needed for execution, as well as information about the unit file loading. * libsystemd-journal gained a new sd_journal_open_files() call for opening specific journal files. journactl also gained a new switch to expose this new functionality. Previously we only supported opening all files from a directory, or all files from the system, as opening individual files only is racy due to journal file rotation. * systemd gained the new DefaultEnvironment= setting in /etc/systemd/system.conf to set environment variables for all services. * If a privileged process logs a journal message with the OBJECT_PID= field set, then journald will automatically augment this with additional OBJECT_UID=, OBJECT_GID=, OBJECT_COMM=, OBJECT_EXE=, ... fields. This is useful if system services want to log events about specific client processes. journactl/systemctl has been updated to make use of this information if all log messages regarding a specific unit is requested. Contributions from: Auke Kok, Chengwei Yang, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Albers, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Coppa, David King, David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Gabriel de Perthuis, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jason St. John, Johan Heikkilä, Karel Zak, Karol Lewandowski, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marius Vollmer, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Tremer, Michal Schmidt, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Nirbheek Chauhan, Pierre Neidhardt, Ross Burton, Ross Lagerwall, Sean McGovern, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Václav Pavlín, Zachary Cook, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Łukasz Stelmach, 장동준 CHANGES WITH 204: * The Python bindings gained some minimal support for the APIs exposed by libsystemd-logind. * ConditionSecurity= gained support for detecting SMACK. Since this condition already supports SELinux and AppArmor we only miss IMA for this. Patches welcome! Contributions from: Karol Lewandowski, Lennart Poettering, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 203: * systemd-nspawn will now create /etc/resolv.conf if necessary, before bind-mounting the host's file onto it. * systemd-nspawn will now store meta information about a container on the container's cgroup as extended attribute fields, including the root directory. * The cgroup hierarchy has been reworked in many ways. All objects any of the components systemd creates in the cgroup tree are now suffixed. More specifically, user sessions are now placed in cgroups suffixed with ".session", users in cgroups suffixed with ".user", and nspawn containers in cgroups suffixed with ".nspawn". Furthermore, all cgroup names are now escaped in a simple scheme to avoid collision of userspace object names with kernel filenames. This work is preparation for making these objects relocatable in the cgroup tree, in order to allow easy resource partitioning of these objects without causing naming conflicts. * systemctl list-dependencies gained the new switches --plain, --reverse, --after and --before. * systemd-inhibit now shows the process name of processes that have taken an inhibitor lock. * nss-myhostname will now also resolve "localhost" implicitly. This makes /etc/hosts an optional file and nicely handles that on IPv6 ::1 maps to both "localhost" and the local hostname. * libsystemd-logind.so gained a new call sd_get_machine_names() to enumerate running containers and VMs (currently only supported by very new libvirt and nspawn). sd_login_monitor can now be used to watch VMs/containers coming and going. * .include is not allowed recursively anymore, and only in unit files. Usually it is better to use drop-in snippets in .d/*.conf anyway, as introduced with systemd 198. * systemd-analyze gained a new "critical-chain" command that determines the slowest chain of units run during system boot-up. It is very useful for tracking down where optimizing boot time is the most beneficial. * systemd will no longer allow manipulating service paths in the name=systemd:/system cgroup tree using ControlGroup= in units. (But is still fine with it in all other dirs.) * There's a new systemd-nspawn@.service service file that may be used to easily run nspawn containers as system services. With the container's root directory in /var/lib/container/foobar it is now sufficient to run "systemctl start systemd-nspawn@foobar.service" to boot it. * systemd-cgls gained a new parameter "--machine" to list only the processes within a certain container. * ConditionSecurity= now can check for "apparmor". We still are lacking checks for SMACK and IMA for this condition check though. Patches welcome! * A new configuration file /etc/systemd/sleep.conf has been added that may be used to configure which kernel operation systemd is supposed to execute when "suspend", "hibernate" or "hybrid-sleep" is requested. This makes the new kernel "freeze" state accessible to the user. * ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS} in udev rules will now implicitly escape the passed argument if applicable. Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, Evangelos Foutras, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Harald Hoyer, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, MUNEDA Takahiro, Mantas Mikulėnas, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel Chen, Nirbheek Chauhan, Ronny Chevalier, Ross Lagerwall, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Ville Skyttä, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 202: * The output of 'systemctl list-jobs' got some polishing. The '--type=' argument may now be passed more than once. A new command 'systemctl list-sockets' has been added which shows a list of kernel sockets systemd is listening on with the socket units they belong to, plus the units these socket units activate. * The experimental libsystemd-bus library got substantial updates to work in conjunction with the (also experimental) kdbus kernel project. It works well enough to exchange messages with some sophistication. Note that kdbus is not ready yet, and the library is mostly an elaborate test case for now, and not installable. * systemd gained a new unit 'systemd-static-nodes.service' that generates static device nodes earlier during boot, and can run in conjunction with udev. * libsystemd-login gained a new call sd_pid_get_user_unit() to retrieve the user systemd unit a process is running in. This is useful for systems where systemd is used as session manager. * systemd-nspawn now places all containers in the new /machine top-level cgroup directory in the name=systemd hierarchy. libvirt will soon do the same, so that we get a uniform separation of /system, /user and /machine for system services, user processes and containers/virtual machines. This new cgroup hierarchy is also useful to stick stable names to specific container instances, which can be recognized later this way (this name may be controlled via systemd-nspawn's new -M switch). libsystemd-login also gained a new call sd_pid_get_machine_name() to retrieve the name of the container/VM a specific process belongs to. * bootchart can now store its data in the journal. * libsystemd-journal gained a new call sd_journal_add_conjunction() for AND expressions to the matching logic. This can be used to express more complex logical expressions. * journactl can now take multiple --unit= and --user-unit= switches. * The cryptsetup logic now understands the "luks.key=" kernel command line switch for specifying a file to read the decryption key from. Also, if a configured key file is not found the tool will now automatically fall back to prompting the user. * Python systemd.journal module was updated to wrap recently added functions from libsystemd-journal. The interface was changed to bring the low level interface in s.j._Reader closer to the C API, and the high level interface in s.j.Reader was updated to wrap and convert all data about an entry. Contributions from: Anatol Pomozov, Auke Kok, Harald Hoyer, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas Marius Vollmer, Martin Jansa, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Mirco Tischler, Pali Rohar, Simon Peeters, Steven Hiscocks, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 201: * journalctl --update-catalog now understands a new --root= option to operate on catalogs found in a different root directory. * During shutdown after systemd has terminated all running services a final killing loop kills all remaining left-over processes. We will now print the name of these processes when we send SIGKILL to them, since this usually indicates a problem. * If /etc/crypttab refers to password files stored on configured mount points automatic dependencies will now be generated to ensure the specific mount is established first before the key file is attempted to be read. * 'systemctl status' will now show information about the network sockets a socket unit is listening on. * 'systemctl status' will also shown information about any drop-in configuration file for units. (Drop-In configuration files in this context are files such as /etc/systemd/systemd/foobar.service.d/*.conf) * systemd-cgtop now optionally shows summed up CPU times of cgroups. Press '%' while running cgtop to switch between percentage and absolute mode. This is useful to determine which cgroups use up the most CPU time over the entire runtime of the system. systemd-cgtop has also been updated to be 'pipeable' for processing with further shell tools. * 'hostnamectl set-hostname' will now allow setting of FQDN hostnames. * The formatting and parsing of time span values has been changed. The parser now understands fractional expressions such as "5.5h". The formatter will now output fractional expressions for all time spans under 1min, i.e. "5.123456s" rather than "5s 123ms 456us". For time spans under 1s millisecond values are shown, for those under 1ms microsecond values are shown. This should greatly improve all time-related output of systemd. * libsystemd-login and libsystemd-journal gained new functions for querying the poll() events mask and poll() timeout value for integration into arbitrary event loops. * localectl gained the ability to list available X11 keymaps (models, layouts, variants, options). * 'systemd-analyze dot' gained the ability to filter for specific units via shell-style globs, to create smaller, more useful graphs. I.e. it is now possible to create simple graphs of all the dependencies between only target units, or of all units that Avahi has dependencies with. Contributions from: Cristian Rodríguez, Dr. Tilmann Bubeck, Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers, Kelly Anderson, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Maksim Melnikau, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marius Vollmer, Martin Pitt, Michal Schmidt, Oleksii Shevchuk, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie, Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Weißschuh, Umut Tezduyar, Václav Pavlín, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Łukasz Stelmach CHANGES WITH 200: * The boot-time readahead implementation for rotating media will now read the read-ahead data in multiple passes which consist of all read requests made in equidistant time intervals. This means instead of strictly reading read-ahead data in its physical order on disk we now try to find a middle ground between physical and access time order. * /etc/os-release files gained a new BUILD_ID= field for usage on operating systems that provide continuous builds of OS images. Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin Pitt, Václav Pavlín William Douglas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 199: * systemd-python gained an API exposing libsystemd-daemon. * The SMACK setup logic gained support for uploading CIPSO security policy. * Behaviour of PrivateTmp=, ReadWriteDirectories=, ReadOnlyDirectories= and InaccessibleDirectories= has changed. The private /tmp and /var/tmp directories are now shared by all processes of a service (which means ExecStartPre= may now leave data in /tmp that ExecStart= of the same service can still access). When a service is stopped its temporary directories are immediately deleted (normal clean-up with tmpfiles is still done in addition to this though). * By default, systemd will now set a couple of sysctl variables in the kernel: the safe sysrq options are turned on, IP route verification is turned on, and source routing disabled. The recently added hardlink and softlink protection of the kernel is turned on. These settings should be reasonably safe, and good defaults for all new systems. * The predictable network naming logic may now be turned off with a new kernel command line switch: net.ifnames=0. * A new libsystemd-bus module has been added that implements a pretty complete D-Bus client library. For details see: http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2013-March/009797.html * journald will now explicitly flush the journal files to disk at the latest 5min after each write. The file will then also be marked offline until the next write. This should increase reliability in case of a crash. The synchronization delay can be configured via SyncIntervalSec= in journald.conf. * There's a new remote-fs-setup.target unit that can be used to pull in specific services when at least one remote file system is to be mounted. * There are new targets timers.target and paths.target as canonical targets to pull user timer and path units in from. This complements sockets.target with a similar purpose for socket units. * libudev gained a new call udev_device_set_attribute_value() to set sysfs attributes of a device. * The udev daemon now sets the default number of worker processes executed in parallel based on the number of available CPUs instead of the amount of available RAM. This is supposed to provide a more reliable default and limit a too aggressive paralellism for setups with 1000s of devices connected. Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dave Reisner, Frederic Crozat, Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan Engelhardt, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Mathieu Bridon, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nathaniel Chen, Oleksii Shevchuk, Ozan Çağlayan, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 198: * Configuration of unit files may now be extended via drop-in files without having to edit/override the unit files themselves. More specifically, if the administrator wants to change one value for a service file foobar.service he can now do so by dropping in a configuration snippet into /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/*.conf. The unit logic will load all these snippets and apply them on top of the main unit configuration file, possibly extending or overriding its settings. Using these drop-in snippets is generally nicer than the two earlier options for changing unit files locally: copying the files from /usr/lib/systemd/system/ to /etc/systemd/system/ and editing them there; or creating a new file in /etc/systemd/system/ that incorporates the original one via ".include". Drop-in snippets into these .d/ directories can be placed in any directory systemd looks for units in, and the usual overriding semantics between /usr/lib, /etc and /run apply for them too. * Most unit file settings which take lists of items can now be reset by assigning the empty string to them. For example, normally, settings such as Environment=FOO=BAR append a new environment variable assignment to the environment block, each time they are used. By assigning Environment= the empty string the environment block can be reset to empty. This is particularly useful with the .d/*.conf drop-in snippets mentioned above, since this adds the ability to reset list settings from vendor unit files via these drop-ins. * systemctl gained a new "list-dependencies" command for listing the dependencies of a unit recursively. * Inhibitors are now honored and listed by "systemctl suspend", "systemctl poweroff" (and similar) too, not only GNOME. These commands will also list active sessions by other users. * Resource limits (as exposed by the various control group controllers) can now be controlled dynamically at runtime for all units. More specifically, you can now use a command like "systemctl set-cgroup-attr foobar.service cpu.shares 2000" to alter the CPU shares a specific service gets. These settings are stored persistently on disk, and thus allow the administrator to easily adjust the resource usage of services with a few simple commands. This dynamic resource management logic is also available to other programs via the bus. Almost any kernel cgroup attribute and controller is supported. * systemd-vconsole-setup will now copy all font settings to all allocated VTs, where it previously applied them only to the foreground VT. * libsystemd-login gained the new sd_session_get_tty() API call. * This release drops support for a few legacy or distribution-specific LSB facility names when parsing init scripts: $x-display-manager, $mail-transfer-agent, $mail-transport-agent, $mail-transfer-agent, $smtp, $null. Also, the mail-transfer-agent.target unit backing this has been removed. Distributions which want to retain compatibility with this should carry the burden for supporting this themselves and patch support for these back in, if they really need to. Also, the facilities $syslog and $local_fs are now ignored, since systemd does not support early-boot LSB init scripts anymore, and these facilities are implied anyway for normal services. syslog.target has also been removed. * There are new bus calls on PID1's Manager object for cancelling jobs, and removing snapshot units. Previously, both calls were only available on the Job and Snapshot objects themselves. * systemd-journal-gatewayd gained SSL support. * The various "environment" files, such as /etc/locale.conf now support continuation lines with a backslash ("\") as last character in the line, similarly in style (but different) to how this is supported in shells. * For normal user processes the _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT= field is now implicitly appended to every log entry logged. systemctl has been updated to filter by this field when operating on a user systemd instance. * nspawn will now implicitly add the CAP_AUDIT_WRITE and CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL capabilities to the capabilities set for the container. This makes it easier to boot unmodified Fedora systems in a container, which however still requires audit=0 to be passed on the kernel command line. Auditing in kernel and userspace is unfortunately still too broken in context of containers, hence we recommend compiling it out of the kernel or using audit=0. Hopefully this will be fixed one day for good in the kernel. * nspawn gained the new --bind= and --bind-ro= parameters to bind mount specific directories from the host into the container. * nspawn will now mount its own devpts file system instance into the container, in order not to leak pty devices from the host into the container. * systemd will now read the firmware boot time performance information from the EFI variables, if the used boot loader supports this, and takes it into account for boot performance analysis via "systemd-analyze". This is currently supported only in conjunction with Gummiboot, but could be supported by other boot loaders too. For details see: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/BootLoaderInterface * A new generator has been added that automatically mounts the EFI System Partition (ESP) to /boot, if that directory exists, is empty, and no other file system has been configured to be mounted there. * logind will now send out PrepareForSleep(false) out unconditionally, after coming back from suspend. This may be used by applications as asynchronous notification for system resume events. * "systemctl unlock-sessions" has been added, that allows unlocking the screens of all user sessions at once, similar to how "systemctl lock-sessions" already locked all users sessions. This is backed by a new D-Bus call UnlockSessions(). * "loginctl seat-status" will now show the master device of a seat. (i.e. the device of a seat that needs to be around for the seat to be considered available, usually the graphics card). * tmpfiles gained a new "X" line type, that allows configuration of files and directories (with wildcards) that shall be excluded from automatic cleanup ("aging"). * udev default rules set the device node permissions now only at "add" events, and do not change them any longer with a later "change" event. * The log messages for lid events and power/sleep keypresses now carry a message ID. * We now have a substantially larger unit test suite, but this continues to be work in progress. * udevadm hwdb gained a new --root= parameter to change the root directory to operate relative to. * logind will now issue a background sync() request to the kernel early at shutdown, so that dirty buffers are flushed to disk early instead of at the last moment, in order to optimize shutdown times a little. * A new bootctl tool has been added that is an interface for certain boot loader operations. This is currently a preview and is likely to be extended into a small mechanism daemon like timedated, localed, hostnamed, and can be used by graphical UIs to enumerate available boot options, and request boot into firmware operations. * systemd-bootchart has been relicensed to LGPLv2.1+ to match the rest of the package. It also has been updated to work correctly in initrds. * Policykit previously has been runtime optional, and is now also compile time optional via a configure switch. * systemd-analyze has been reimplemented in C. Also "systemctl dot" has moved into systemd-analyze. * "systemctl status" with no further parameters will now print the status of all active or failed units. * Operations such as "systemctl start" can now be executed with a new mode "--irreversible" which may be used to queue operations that cannot accidentally be reversed by a later job queuing. This is by default used to make shutdown requests more robust. * The Python API of systemd now gained a new module for reading journal files. * A new tool kernel-install has been added that can install kernel images according to the Boot Loader Specification: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec * Boot time console output has been improved to provide animated boot time output for hanging jobs. * A new tool systemd-activate has been added which can be used to test socket activation with, directly from the command line. This should make it much easier to test and debug socket activation in daemons. * journalctl gained a new "--reverse" (or -r) option to show journal output in reverse order (i.e. newest line first). * journalctl gained a new "--pager-end" (or -e) option to jump to immediately jump to the end of the journal in the pager. This is only supported in conjunction with "less". * journalctl gained a new "--user-unit=" option, that works similarly to "--unit=" but filters for user units rather than system units. * A number of unit files to ease adoption of systemd in initrds has been added. This moves some minimal logic from the various initrd implementations into systemd proper. * The journal files are now owned by a new group "systemd-journal", which exists specifically to allow access to the journal, and nothing else. Previously, we used the "adm" group for that, which however possibly covers more than just journal/log file access. This new group is now already used by systemd-journal-gatewayd to ensure this daemon gets access to the journal files and as little else as possible. Note that "make install" will also set FS ACLs up for /var/log/journal to give "adm" and "wheel" read access to it, in addition to "systemd-journal" which owns the journal files. We recommend that packaging scripts also add read access to "adm" + "wheel" to /var/log/journal, and all existing/future journal files. To normal users and administrators little changes, however packagers need to ensure to create the "systemd-journal" system group at package installation time. * The systemd-journal-gatewayd now runs as unprivileged user systemd-journal-gateway:systemd-journal-gateway. Packaging scripts need to create these system user/group at installation time. * timedated now exposes a new boolean property CanNTP that indicates whether a local NTP service is available or not. * systemd-detect-virt will now also detect xen PVs * The pstore file system is now mounted by default, if it is available. * In addition to the SELinux and IMA policies we will now also load SMACK policies at early boot. Contributions from: Adel Gadllah, Aleksander Morgado, Auke Kok, Ayan George, Bastien Nocera, Colin Walters, Daniel Buch, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Enrico Scholz, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer, Jan Janssen, Jonathan Callen, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Max F. Albrecht, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michal Vyskocil, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel Chen, Nestor Ovroy, Oleksii Shevchuk, Paul W. Frields, Piotr Drąg, Rob Clark, Ryan Lortie, Simon McVittie, Simon Peeters, Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, William Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak) CHANGES WITH 197: * Timer units now support calendar time events in addition to monotonic time events. That means you can now trigger a unit based on a calendar time specification such as "Thu,Fri 2013-*-1,5 11:12:13" which refers to 11:12:13 of the first or fifth day of any month of the year 2013, given that it is a thursday or friday. This brings timer event support considerably closer to cron's capabilities. For details on the supported calendar time specification language see systemd.time(7). * udev now supports a number of different naming policies for network interfaces for predictable names, and a combination of these policies is now the default. Please see this wiki document for details: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames * Auke Kok's bootchart implementation has been added to the systemd tree. It is an optional component that can graph the boot in quite some detail. It is one of the best bootchart implementations around and minimal in its code and dependencies. * nss-myhostname has been integrated into the systemd source tree. nss-myhostname guarantees that the local hostname always stays resolvable via NSS. It has been a weak requirement of systemd-hostnamed since a long time, and since its code is actually trivial we decided to just include it in systemd's source tree. It can be turned off with a configure switch. * The read-ahead logic is now capable of properly detecting whether a btrfs file system is on SSD or rotating media, in order to optimize the read-ahead scheme. Previously, it was only capable of detecting this on traditional file systems such as ext4. * In udev, additional device properties are now read from the IAB in addition to the OUI database. Also, Bluetooth company identities are attached to the devices as well. * In service files %U may be used as specifier that is replaced by the configured user name of the service. * nspawn may now be invoked without a controlling TTY. This makes it suitable for invocation as its own service. This may be used to set up a simple containerized server system using only core OS tools. * systemd and nspawn can now accept socket file descriptors when they are started for socket activation. This enables implementation of socket activated nspawn containers. i.e. think about autospawning an entire OS image when the first SSH or HTTP connection is received. We expect that similar functionality will also be added to libvirt-lxc eventually. * journalctl will now suppress ANSI color codes when presenting log data. * systemctl will no longer show control group information for a unit if a the control group is empty anyway. * logind can now automatically suspend/hibernate/shutdown the system on idle. * /etc/machine-info and hostnamed now also expose the chassis type of the system. This can be used to determine whether the local system is a laptop, desktop, handset or tablet. This information may either be configured by the user/vendor or is automatically determined from ACPI and DMI information if possible. * A number of PolicyKit actions are now bound together with "imply" rules. This should simplify creating UIs because many actions will now authenticate similar ones as well. * Unit files learnt a new condition ConditionACPower= which may be used to conditionalize a unit depending on whether an AC power source is connected or not, of whether the system is running on battery power. * systemctl gained a new "is-failed" verb that may be used in shell scripts and suchlike to check whether a specific unit is in the "failed" state. * The EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now supports file globbing, and can hence be used to easily read a number of environment files at once. * systemd will no longer detect and recognize specific distributions. All distribution-specific #ifdeffery has been removed, systemd is now fully generic and distribution-agnostic. Effectively, not too much is lost as a lot of the code is still accessible via explicit configure switches. However, support for some distribution specific legacy configuration file formats has been dropped. We recommend distributions to simply adopt the configuration files everybody else uses now and convert the old configuration from packaging scripts. Most distributions already did that. If that's not possible or desirable, distributions are welcome to forward port the specific pieces of code locally from the git history. * When logging a message about a unit systemd will now always log the unit name in the message meta data. * localectl will now also discover system locale data that is not stored in locale archives, but directly unpacked. * logind will no longer unconditionally use framebuffer devices as seat masters, i.e. as devices that are required to be existing before a seat is considered preset. Instead, it will now look for all devices that are tagged as "seat-master" in udev. By default framebuffer devices will be marked as such, but depending on local systems other devices might be marked as well. This may be used to integrate graphics cards using closed source drivers (such as NVidia ones) more nicely into logind. Note however, that we recommend using the open source NVidia drivers instead, and no udev rules for the closed-source drivers will be shipped from us upstream. Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alessandro Crismani, Auke Kok, Colin Walters, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Strauss, Dimitrios Apostolou, Eelco Dolstra, Eric Benoit, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Hermann Gausterer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael Biebl, Michael Terry, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Oleg Samarin, Pekka Lundstrom, Philip Nilsson, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Richard Yao, Robert Millan, Sami Kerola, Shawn Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Jarosch, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 196: * udev gained support for loading additional device properties from an indexed database that is keyed by vendor/product IDs and similar device identifiers. For the beginning this "hwdb" is populated with data from the well-known PCI and USB database, but also includes PNP, ACPI and OID data. In the longer run this indexed database shall grow into becoming the one central database for non-essential userspace device metadata. Previously, data from the PCI/USB database was only attached to select devices, since the lookup was a relatively expensive operation due to O(n) time complexity (with n being the number of entries in the database). Since this is now O(1), we decided to add in this data for all devices where this is available, by default. Note that the indexed database needs to be rebuilt when new data files are installed. To achieve this you need to update your packaging scripts to invoke "udevadm hwdb --update" after installation of hwdb data files. For RPM-based distributions we introduced the new %udev_hwdb_update macro for this purpose. * The Journal gained support for the "Message Catalog", an indexed database to link up additional information with journal entries. For further details please check: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog The indexed message catalog database also needs to be rebuilt after installation of message catalog files. Use "journalctl --update-catalog" for this. For RPM-based distributions we introduced the %journal_catalog_update macro for this purpose. * The Python Journal bindings gained support for the standard Python logging framework. * The Journal API gained new functions for checking whether the underlying file system of a journal file is capable of properly reporting file change notifications, or whether applications that want to reflect journal changes "live" need to recheck journal files continuously in appropriate time intervals. * It is now possible to set the "age" field for tmpfiles entries to 0, indicating that files matching this entry shall always be removed when the directories are cleaned up. * coredumpctl gained a new "gdb" verb which invokes gdb right-away on the selected coredump. * There's now support for "hybrid sleep" on kernels that support this, in addition to "suspend" and "hibernate". Use "systemctl hybrid-sleep" to make use of this. * logind's HandleSuspendKey= setting (and related settings) now gained support for a new "lock" setting to simply request the screen lock on all local sessions, instead of actually executing a suspend or hibernation. * systemd will now mount the EFI variables file system by default. * Socket units now gained support for configuration of the SMACK security label. * timedatectl will now output the time of the last and next daylight saving change. * We dropped support for various legacy and distro-specific concepts, such as insserv, early-boot SysV services (i.e. those for non-standard runlevels such as 'b' or 'S') or ArchLinux /etc/rc.conf support. We recommend the distributions who still need support this to either continue to maintain the necessary patches downstream, or find a different solution. (Talk to us if you have questions!) * Various systemd components will now bypass PolicyKit checks for root and otherwise handle properly if PolicyKit is not found to be around. This should fix most issues for PolicyKit-less systems. Quite frankly this should have been this way since day one. It is absolutely our intention to make systemd work fine on PolicyKit-less systems, and we consider it a bug if something does not work as it should if PolicyKit is not around. * For embedded systems it is now possible to build udev and systemd without blkid and/or kmod support. * "systemctl switch-root" is now capable of switching root more than once. I.e. in addition to transitions from the initrd to the host OS it is now possible to transition to further OS images from the host. This is useful to implement offline updating tools. * Various other additions have been made to the RPM macros shipped with systemd. Use %udev_rules_update() after installing new udev rules files. %_udevhwdbdir, %_udevrulesdir, %_journalcatalogdir, %_tmpfilesdir, %_sysctldir are now available which resolve to the right directories for packages to place various data files in. * journalctl gained the new --full switch (in addition to --all, to disable ellipsation for long messages. Contributions from: Anders Olofsson, Auke Kok, Ben Boeckel, Colin Walters, Cosimo Cecchi, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers, Chun-Yi Lee, Lekensteyn, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marti Raudsepp, Martin Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nis Martensen, Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tony Camuso, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 195: * journalctl gained new --since= and --until= switches to filter by time. It also now supports nice filtering for units via --unit=/-u. * Type=oneshot services may use ExecReload= and do the right thing. * The journal daemon now supports time-based rotation and vacuuming, in addition to the usual disk-space based rotation. * The journal will now index the available field values for each field name. This enables clients to show pretty drop downs of available match values when filtering. The bash completion of journalctl has been updated accordingly. journalctl gained a new switch -F to list all values a certain field takes in the journal database. * More service events are now written as structured messages to the journal, and made recognizable via message IDs. * The timedated, localed and hostnamed mini-services which previously only provided support for changing time, locale and hostname settings from graphical DEs such as GNOME now also have a minimal (but very useful) text-based client utility each. This is probably the nicest way to changing these settings from the command line now, especially since it lists available options and is fully integrated with bash completion. * There's now a new tool "systemd-coredumpctl" to list and extract coredumps from the journal. * We now install a README each in /var/log/ and /etc/rc.d/init.d explaining where the system logs and init scripts went. This hopefully should help folks who go to that dirs and look into the otherwise now empty void and scratch their heads. * When user-services are invoked (by systemd --user) the $MANAGERPID env var is set to the PID of systemd. * SIGRTMIN+24 when sent to a --user instance will now result in immediate termination of systemd. * gatewayd received numerous feature additions such as a "follow" mode, for live syncing and filtering. * browse.html now allows filtering and showing detailed information on specific entries. Keyboard navigation and mouse screen support has been added. * gatewayd/journalctl now supports HTML5/JSON Server-Sent-Events as output. * The SysV init script compatibility logic will now heuristically determine whether a script supports the "reload" verb, and only then make this available as "systemctl reload". * "systemctl status --follow" has been removed, use "journalctl -u" instead. * journald.conf's RuntimeMinSize=, PersistentMinSize= settings have been removed since they are hardly useful to be configured. * And I'd like to take the opportunity to specifically mention Zbigniew for his great contributions. Zbigniew, you rock! Contributions from: Andrew Eikum, Christian Hesse, Colin Guthrie, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Ferenc Wágner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Michael Olbrich, Michael Stapelberg, Michal Schmidt, Sebastian Ott, Thomas Bächler, Umut Tezduyar, Will Woods, Wulf C. Krueger, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Сковорода Никита Андреевич CHANGES WITH 194: * If /etc/vconsole.conf is non-existent or empty we will no longer load any console font or key map at boot by default. Instead the kernel defaults will be left intact. This is definitely the right thing to do, as no configuration should mean no configuration, and hard-coding font names that are different on all archs is probably a bad idea. Also, the kernel default key map and font should be good enough for most cases anyway, and mostly identical to the userspace fonts/key maps we previously overloaded them with. If distributions want to continue to default to a non-kernel font or key map they should ship a default /etc/vconsole.conf with the appropriate contents. Contributions from: Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 193: * journalctl gained a new --cursor= switch to show entries starting from the specified location in the journal. * We now enforce a size limit on journal entry fields exported with "-o json" in journalctl. Fields larger than 4K will be assigned null. This can be turned off with --all. * An (optional) journal gateway daemon is now available as "systemd-journal-gatewayd.service". This service provides access to the journal via HTTP and JSON. This functionality will be used to implement live log synchronization in both pull and push modes, but has various other users too, such as easy log access for debugging of embedded devices. Right now it is already useful to retrieve the journal via HTTP: # systemctl start systemd-journal-gatewayd.service # wget http://localhost:19531/entries This will download the journal contents in a /var/log/messages compatible format. The same as JSON: # curl -H"Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries This service is also accessible via a web browser where a single static HTML5 app is served that uses the JSON logic to enable the user to do some basic browsing of the journal. This will be extended later on. Here's an example screenshot of this app in its current state: http://0pointer.de/public/journal-gatewayd Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Robert Milasan, Tom Gundersen CHANGES WITH 192: * The bash completion logic is now available for journalctl too. * We do not mount the "cpuset" controller anymore together with "cpu" and "cpuacct", as "cpuset" groups generally cannot be started if no parameters are assigned to it. "cpuset" hence broke code that assumed it it could create "cpu" groups and just start them. * journalctl -f will now subscribe to terminal size changes, and line break accordingly. Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykrynm, Mirco Tischler, Václav Pavlín CHANGES WITH 191: * nspawn will now create a symlink /etc/localtime in the container environment, copying the host's timezone setting. Previously this has been done via a bind mount, but since symlinks cannot be bind mounted this has now been changed to create/update the appropriate symlink. * journalctl -n's line number argument is now optional, and will default to 10 if omitted. * journald will now log the maximum size the journal files may take up on disk. This is particularly useful if the default built-in logic of determining this parameter from the file system size is used. Use "systemctl status systemd-journald.service" to see this information. * The multi-seat X wrapper tool has been stripped down. As X is now capable of enumerating graphics devices via udev in a seat-aware way the wrapper is not strictly necessary anymore. A stripped down temporary stop-gap is still shipped until the upstream display managers have been updated to fully support the new X logic. Expect this wrapper to be removed entirely in one of the next releases. * HandleSleepKey= in logind.conf has been split up into HandleSuspendKey= and HandleHibernateKey=. The old setting is not available anymore. X11 and the kernel are distuingishing between these keys and we should too. This also means the inhibition lock for these keys has been split into two. Contributions from: Dave Airlie, Eelco Dolstra, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Václav Pavlín CHANGES WITH 190: * Whenever a unit changes state we will now log this to the journal and show along the unit's own log output in "systemctl status". * ConditionPathIsMountPoint= can now properly detect bind mount points too. (Previously, a bind mount of one file system to another place in the same file system could not be detected as mount, since they shared struct stat's st_dev field.) * We will now mount the cgroup controllers cpu, cpuacct, cpuset and the controllers net_cls, net_prio together by default. * nspawn containers will now have a virtualized boot ID. (i.e. /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id is now mounted over with a randomized ID at container initialization). This has the effect of making "journalctl -b" do the right thing in a container. * The JSON output journal serialization has been updated not to generate "endless" list objects anymore, but rather one JSON object per line. This is more in line how most JSON parsers expect JSON objects. The new output mode "json-pretty" has been added to provide similar output, but neatly aligned for readability by humans. * We dropped all explicit sync() invocations in the shutdown code. The kernel does this implicitly anyway in the kernel reboot() syscall. halt(8)'s -n option is now a compatibility no-op. * We now support virtualized reboot() in containers, as supported by newer kernels. We will fall back to exit() if CAP_SYS_REBOOT is not available to the container. Also, nspawn makes use of this now and will actually reboot the container if the containerized OS asks for that. * journalctl will only show local log output by default now. Use --merge (-m) to show remote log output, too. * libsystemd-journal gained the new sd_journal_get_usage() call to determine the current disk usage of all journal files. This is exposed in the new "journalctl --disk-usage" command. * journald gained a new configuration setting SplitMode= in journald.conf which may be used to control how user journals are split off. See journald.conf(5) for details. * A new condition type ConditionFileNotEmpty= has been added. * tmpfiles' "w" lines now support file globbing, to write multiple files at once. * We added Python bindings for the journal submission APIs. More Python APIs for a number of selected APIs will likely follow. Note that we intend to add native bindings only for the Python language, as we consider it common enough to deserve bindings shipped within systemd. There are various projects outside of systemd that provide bindings for languages such as PHP or Lua. * Many conditions will now resolve specifiers such as %i. In addition, PathChanged= and related directives of .path units now support specifiers as well. * There's now a new RPM macro definition for the system preset dir: %_presetdir. * journald will now warn if it ca not forward a message to the syslog daemon because its socket is full. * timedated will no longer write or process /etc/timezone, except on Debian. As we do not support late mounted /usr anymore /etc/localtime always being a symlink is now safe, and hence the information in /etc/timezone is not necessary anymore. * logind will now always reserve one VT for a text getty (VT6 by default). Previously if more than 6 X sessions where started they took up all the VTs with auto-spawned gettys, so that no text gettys were available anymore. * udev will now automatically inform the btrfs kernel logic about btrfs RAID components showing up. This should make simple hotplug based btrfs RAID assembly work. * PID 1 will now increase its RLIMIT_NOFILE to 64K by default (but not for its children which will stay at the kernel default). This should allow setups with a lot more listening sockets. * systemd will now always pass the configured timezone to the kernel at boot. timedated will do the same when the timezone is changed. * logind's inhibition logic has been updated. By default, logind will now handle the lid switch, the power and sleep keys all the time, even in graphical sessions. If DEs want to handle these events on their own they should take the new handle-power-key, handle-sleep-key and handle-lid-switch inhibitors during their runtime. A simple way to achiveve that is to invoke the DE wrapped in an invocation of: systemd-inhibit --what=handle-power-key:handle-sleep-key:handle-lid-switch ... * Access to unit operations is now checked via SELinux taking the unit file label and client process label into account. * systemd will now notify the administrator in the journal when he over-mounts a non-empty directory. * There are new specifiers that are resolved in unit files, for the host name (%H), the machine ID (%m) and the boot ID (%b). Contributions from: Allin Cottrell, Auke Kok, Brandon Philips, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Jan Engelhardt, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Matthias Clasen, Michael Olbrich, Pierre Schmitz, Shawn Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Václav Pavlín, Yin Kangkai, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 189: * Support for reading structured kernel messages from /dev/kmsg has now been added and is enabled by default. * Support for reading kernel messages from /proc/kmsg has now been removed. If you want kernel messages in the journal make sure to run a recent kernel (>= 3.5) that supports reading structured messages from /dev/kmsg (see above). /proc/kmsg is now exclusive property of classic syslog daemons again. * The libudev API gained the new udev_device_new_from_device_id() call. * The logic for file system namespace (ReadOnlyDirectory=, ReadWriteDirectoy=, PrivateTmp=) has been reworked not to require pivot_root() anymore. This means fewer temporary directories are created below /tmp for this feature. * nspawn containers will now see and receive all submounts made on the host OS below the root file system of the container. * Forward Secure Sealing is now supported for Journal files, which provide cryptographical sealing of journal files so that attackers cannot alter log history anymore without this being detectable. Lennart will soon post a blog story about this explaining it in more detail. * There are two new service settings RestartPreventExitStatus= and SuccessExitStatus= which allow configuration of exit status (exit code or signal) which will be excepted from the restart logic, resp. consider successful. * journalctl gained the new --verify switch that can be used to check the integrity of the structure of journal files and (if Forward Secure Sealing is enabled) the contents of journal files. * nspawn containers will now be run with /dev/stdin, /dev/fd/ and similar symlinks pre-created. This makes running shells as container init process a lot more fun. * The fstab support can now handle PARTUUID= and PARTLABEL= entries. * A new ConditionHost= condition has been added to match against the hostname (with globs) and machine ID. This is useful for clusters where a single OS image is used to provision a large number of hosts which shall run slightly different sets of services. * Services which hit the restart limit will now be placed in a failure state. Contributions from: Bertram Poettering, Dave Reisner, Huang Hang, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin Pitt, Simon Peeters, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 188: * When running in --user mode systemd will now become a subreaper (PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER). This should make the ps tree a lot more organized. * A new PartOf= unit dependency type has been introduced that may be used to group services in a natural way. * "systemctl enable" may now be used to enable instances of services. * journalctl now prints error log levels in red, and warning/notice log levels in bright white. It also supports filtering by log level now. * cgtop gained a new -n switch (similar to top), to configure the maximum number of iterations to run for. It also gained -b, to run in batch mode (accepting no input). * The suffix ".service" may now be omitted on most systemctl command lines involving service unit names. * There's a new bus call in logind to lock all sessions, as well as a loginctl verb for it "lock-sessions". * libsystemd-logind.so gained a new call sd_journal_perror() that works similar to libc perror() but logs to the journal and encodes structured information about the error number. * /etc/crypttab entries now understand the new keyfile-size= option. * shutdown(8) now can send a (configurable) wall message when a shutdown is cancelled. * The mount propagation mode for the root file system will now default to "shared", which is useful to make containers work nicely out-of-the-box so that they receive new mounts from the host. This can be undone locally by running "mount --make-rprivate /" if needed. * The prefdm.service file has been removed. Distributions should maintain this unit downstream if they intend to keep it around. However, we recommend writing normal unit files for display managers instead. * Since systemd is a crucial part of the OS we will now default to a number of compiler switches that improve security (hardening) such as read-only relocations, stack protection, and suchlike. * The TimeoutSec= setting for services is now split into TimeoutStartSec= and TimeoutStopSec= to allow configuration of individual time outs for the start and the stop phase of the service. Contributions from: Artur Zaprzala, Arvydas Sidorenko, Auke Kok, Bryan Kadzban, Dave Reisner, David Strauss, Harald Hoyer, Jim Meyering, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Peter Alfredsen, Shawn Landden, Simon Peeters, Terence Honles, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 187: * The journal and id128 C APIs are now fully documented as man pages. * Extra safety checks have been added when transitioning from the initial RAM disk to the main system to avoid accidental data loss. * /etc/crypttab entries now understand the new keyfile-offset= option. * systemctl -t can now be used to filter by unit load state. * The journal C API gained the new sd_journal_wait() call to make writing synchronous journal clients easier. * journalctl gained the new -D switch to show journals from a specific directory. * journalctl now displays a special marker between log messages of two different boots. * The journal is now explicitly flushed to /var via a service systemd-journal-flush.service, rather than implicitly simply by seeing /var/log/journal to be writable. * journalctl (and the journal C APIs) can now match for much more complex expressions, with alternatives and disjunctions. * When transitioning from the initial RAM disk to the main system we will now kill all processes in a killing spree to ensure no processes stay around by accident. * Three new specifiers may be used in unit files: %u, %h, %s resolve to the user name, user home directory resp. user shell. This is useful for running systemd user instances. * We now automatically rotate journal files if their data object hash table gets a fill level > 75%. We also size the hash table based on the configured maximum file size. This together should lower hash collisions drastically and thus speed things up a bit. * journalctl gained the new "--header" switch to introspect header data of journal files. * A new setting SystemCallFilters= has been added to services which may be used to apply blacklists or whitelists to system calls. This is based on SECCOMP Mode 2 of Linux 3.5. * nspawn gained a new --link-journal= switch (and quicker: -j) to link the container journal with the host. This makes it very easy to centralize log viewing on the host for all guests while still keeping the journal files separated. * Many bugfixes and optimizations Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Harald Hoyer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Malte Starostik, Paul Menzel, Rex Tsai, Shawn Landden, Tom Gundersen, Ville Skyttä, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek CHANGES WITH 186: * Several tools now understand kernel command line arguments, which are only read when run in an initial RAM disk. They usually follow closely their normal counterparts, but are prefixed with rd. * There's a new tool to analyze the readahead files that are automatically generated at boot. Use: /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-readahead analyze /.readahead * We now provide an early debug shell on tty9 if this enabled. Use: systemctl enable debug-shell.service * All plymouth related units have been moved into the Plymouth package. Please make sure to upgrade your Plymouth version as well. * systemd-tmpfiles now supports getting passed the basename of a configuration file only, in which case it will look for it in all appropriate directories automatically. * udevadm info now takes a /dev or /sys path as argument, and does the right thing. Example: udevadm info /dev/sda udevadm info /sys/class/block/sda * systemctl now prints a warning if a unit is stopped but a unit that might trigger it continues to run. Example: a service is stopped but the socket that activates it is left running. * "systemctl status" will now mention if the log output was shortened due to rotation since a service has been started. * The journal API now exposes functions to determine the "cutoff" times due to rotation. * journald now understands SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 for triggering immediately flushing of runtime logs to /var if possible, resp. for triggering immediate rotation of the journal files. * It is now considered an error if a service is attempted to be stopped that is not loaded. * XDG_RUNTIME_DIR now uses numeric UIDs instead of usernames. * systemd-analyze now supports Python 3 * tmpfiles now supports cleaning up directories via aging where the first level dirs are always kept around but directories beneath it automatically aged. This is enabled by prefixing the age field with '~'. * Seat objects now expose CanGraphical, CanTTY properties which is required to deal with very fast bootups where the display manager might be running before the graphics drivers completed initialization. * Seat objects now expose a State property. * We now include RPM macros for service enabling/disabling based on the preset logic. We recommend RPM based distributions to make use of these macros if possible. This makes it simpler to reuse RPM spec files across distributions. * We now make sure that the collected systemd unit name is always valid when services log to the journal via STDOUT/STDERR. * There's a new man page kernel-command-line(7) detailing all command line options we understand. * The fstab generator may now be disabled at boot by passing fstab=0 on the kernel command line. * A new kernel command line option modules-load= is now understood to load a specific kernel module statically, early at boot. * Unit names specified on the systemctl command line are now automatically escaped as needed. Also, if file system or device paths are specified they are automatically turned into the appropriate mount or device unit names. Example: systemctl status /home systemctl status /dev/sda * The SysVConsole= configuration option has been removed from system.conf parsing. * The SysV search path is no longer exported on the D-Bus Manager object. * The Names= option is been removed from unit file parsing. * There's a new man page bootup(7) detailing the boot process. * Every unit and every generator we ship with systemd now comes with full documentation. The self-explanatory boot is complete. * A couple of services gained "systemd-" prefixes in their name if they wrap systemd code, rather than only external code. Among them fsck@.service which is now systemd-fsck@.service. * The HaveWatchdog property has been removed from the D-Bus Manager object. * systemd.confirm_spawn= on the kernel command line should now work sensibly. * There's a new man page crypttab(5) which details all options we actually understand. * systemd-nspawn gained a new --capability= switch to pass additional capabilities to the container. * timedated will now read known NTP implementation unit names from /usr/lib/systemd/ntp-units.d/*.list, systemd-timedated-ntp.target has been removed. * journalctl gained a new switch "-b" that lists log data of the current boot only. * The notify socket is in the abstract namespace again, in order to support daemons which chroot() at start-up. * There is a new Storage= configuration option for journald which allows configuration of where log data should go. This also provides a way to disable journal logging entirely, so that data collected is only forwarded to the console, the kernel log buffer or another syslog implementation. * Many bugfixes and optimizations Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Guthrie, Dave Reisner, David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Paul Menzel, Shawn Landden, Tom Gundersen CHANGES WITH 185: * "systemctl help <unit>" now shows the man page if one is available. * Several new man pages have been added. * MaxLevelStore=, MaxLevelSyslog=, MaxLevelKMsg=, MaxLevelConsole= can now be specified in journald.conf. These options allow reducing the amount of data stored on disk or forwarded by the log level. * TimerSlackNSec= can now be specified in system.conf for PID1. This allows system-wide power savings. Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lauri Kasanen, Lennart Poettering, Malte Starostik, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Matthias Clasen CHANGES WITH 184: * logind is now capable of (optionally) handling power and sleep keys as well as the lid switch. * journalctl now understands the syntax "journalctl /usr/bin/avahi-daemon" to get all log output of a specific daemon. * CapabilityBoundingSet= in system.conf now also influences the capability bound set of usermode helpers of the kernel. Contributions from: Daniel Drake, Daniel J. Walsh, Gert Michael Kulyk, Harald Hoyer, Jean Delvare, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Matthew Garrett, Matthias Clasen, Paul Menzel, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Tom Gundersen CHANGES WITH 183: * Note that we skipped 139 releases here in order to set the new version to something that is greater than both udev's and systemd's most recent version number. * udev: all udev sources are merged into the systemd source tree now. All future udev development will happen in the systemd tree. It is still fully supported to use the udev daemon and tools without systemd running, like in initramfs or other init systems. Building udev though, will require the *build* of the systemd tree, but udev can be properly *run* without systemd. * udev: /lib/udev/devices/ are not read anymore; systemd-tmpfiles should be used to create dead device nodes as workarounds for broken subsystems. * udev: RUN+="socket:..." and udev_monitor_new_from_socket() is no longer supported. udev_monitor_new_from_netlink() needs to be used to subscribe to events. * udev: when udevd is started by systemd, processes which are left behind by forking them off of udev rules, are unconditionally cleaned up and killed now after the event handling has finished. Services or daemons must be started as systemd services. Services can be pulled-in by udev to get started, but they can no longer be directly forked by udev rules. * udev: the daemon binary is called systemd-udevd now and installed in /usr/lib/systemd/. Standalone builds or non-systemd systems need to adapt to that, create symlink, or rename the binary after building it. * libudev no longer provides these symbols: udev_monitor_from_socket() udev_queue_get_failed_list_entry() udev_get_{dev,sys,run}_path() The versions number was bumped and symbol versioning introduced. * systemd-loginctl and systemd-journalctl have been renamed to loginctl and journalctl to match systemctl. * The config files: /etc/systemd/systemd-logind.conf and /etc/systemd/systemd-journald.conf have been renamed to logind.conf and journald.conf. Package updates should rename the files to the new names on upgrade. * For almost all files the license is now LGPL2.1+, changed from the previous GPL2.0+. Exceptions are some minor stuff of udev (which will be changed to LGPL2.1 eventually, too), and the MIT licensed sd-daemon.[ch] library that is suitable to be used as drop-in files. * systemd and logind now handle system sleep states, in particular suspending and hibernating. * logind now implements a sleep/shutdown/idle inhibiting logic suitable for a variety of uses. Soonishly Lennart will blog about this in more detail. * var-run.mount and var-lock.mount are no longer provided (which prevously bind mounted these directories to their new places). Distributions which have not converted these directories to symlinks should consider stealing these files from git history and add them downstream. * We introduced the Documentation= field for units and added this to all our shipped units. This is useful to make it easier to explore the boot and the purpose of the various units. * All smaller setup units (such as systemd-vconsole-setup.service) now detect properly if they are run in a container and are skipped when appropriate. This guarantees an entirely noise-free boot in Linux container environments such as systemd-nspawn. * A framework for implementing offline system updates is now integrated, for details see: http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates * A new service type Type=idle is available now which helps us avoiding ugly interleaving of getty output and boot status messages. * There's now a system-wide CapabilityBoundingSet= option to globally reduce the set of capabilities for the system. This is useful to drop CAP_SYS_MKNOD, CAP_SYS_RAWIO, CAP_NET_RAW, CAP_SYS_MODULE, CAP_SYS_TIME, CAP_SYS_PTRACE or even CAP_NET_ADMIN system-wide for secure systems. * There are now system-wide DefaultLimitXXX= options to globally change the defaults of the various resource limits for all units started by PID 1. * Harald Hoyer's systemd test suite has been integrated into systemd which allows easy testing of systemd builds in qemu and nspawn. (This is really awesome! Ask us for details!) * The fstab parser is now implemented as generator, not inside of PID 1 anymore. * systemctl will now warn you if .mount units generated from /etc/fstab are out of date due to changes in fstab that have not been read by systemd yet. * systemd is now suitable for usage in initrds. Dracut has already been updated to make use of this. With this in place initrds get a slight bit faster but primarily are much easier to introspect and debug since "systemctl status" in the host system can be used to introspect initrd services, and the journal from the initrd is kept around too. * systemd-delta has been added, a tool to explore differences between user/admin configuration and vendor defaults. * PrivateTmp= now affects both /tmp and /var/tmp. * Boot time status messages are now much prettier and feature proper english language. Booting up systemd has never been so sexy. * Read-ahead pack files now include the inode number of all files to pre-cache. When the inode changes the pre-caching is not attempted. This should be nicer to deal with updated packages which might result in changes of read-ahead patterns. * We now temporaritly lower the kernel's read_ahead_kb variable when collecting read-ahead data to ensure the kernel's built-in read-ahead does not add noise to our measurements of necessary blocks to pre-cache. * There's now RequiresMountsFor= to add automatic dependencies for all mounts necessary for a specific file system path. * MountAuto= and SwapAuto= have been removed from system.conf. Mounting file systems at boot has to take place in systemd now. * nspawn now learned a new switch --uuid= to set the machine ID on the command line. * nspawn now learned the -b switch to automatically search for an init system. * vt102 is now the default TERM for serial TTYs, upgraded from vt100. * systemd-logind now works on VT-less systems. * The build tree has been reorganized. The individual components now have directories of their own. * A new condition type ConditionPathIsReadWrite= is now available. * nspawn learned the new -C switch to create cgroups for the container in other hierarchies. * We now have support for hardware watchdogs, configurable in system.conf. * The scheduled shutdown logic now has a public API. * We now mount /tmp as tmpfs by default, but this can be masked and /etc/fstab can override it. * Since udisks does not make use of /media anymore we are not mounting a tmpfs on it anymore. * journalctl gained a new --local switch to only interleave locally generated journal files. * We can now load the IMA policy at boot automatically. * The GTK tools have been split off into a systemd-ui. Contributions from: Andreas Schwab, Auke Kok, Ayan George, Colin Guthrie, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Ward, Elan Ruusamäe, Frederic Crozat, Gergely Nagy, Guillermo Vidal, Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Javier Jardón, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Léo Gillot-Lamure, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Maxim A. Mikityanskiy, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Nis Martensen, Patrick McCarty, Roberto Sassu, Shawn Landden, Sjoerd Simons, Sven Anders, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen CHANGES WITH 44: * This is mostly a bugfix release * Support optional initialization of the machine ID from the KVM or container configured UUID. * Support immediate reboots with "systemctl reboot -ff" * Show /etc/os-release data in systemd-analyze output * Many bugfixes for the journal, including endianness fixes and ensuring that disk space enforcement works * sd-login.h is C++ comptaible again * Extend the /etc/os-release format on request of the Debian folks * We now refuse non-UTF8 strings used in various configuration and unit files. This is done to ensure we do not pass invalid data over D-Bus or expose it elsewhere. * Register Mimo USB Screens as suitable for automatic seat configuration * Read SELinux client context from journal clients in a race free fashion * Reorder configuration file lookup order. /etc now always overrides /run in order to allow the administrator to always and unconditionally override vendor supplied or automatically generated data. * The various user visible bits of the journal now have man pages. We still lack man pages for the journal API calls however. * We now ship all man pages in HTML format again in the tarball. Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Dirk Eibach, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Marti Raudsepp, Michal Schmidt, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Thierry Reding CHANGES WITH 43: * This is mostly a bugfix release * systems lacking /etc/os-release are no longer supported. * Various functionality updates to libsystemd-login.so * Track class of PAM logins to distuingish greeters from normal user logins. Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Biebl CHANGES WITH 42: * This is an important bugfix release for v41. * Building man pages is now optional which should be useful for those building systemd from git but unwilling to install xsltproc. * Watchdog support for supervising services is now usable. In a future release support for hardware watchdogs (i.e. /dev/watchdog) will be added building on this. * Service start rate limiting is now configurable and can be turned off per service. When a start rate limit is hit a reboot can automatically be triggered. * New CanReboot(), CanPowerOff() bus calls in systemd-logind. Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Bill Nottingham, Frederic Crozat, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michał Górny, Piotr Drąg CHANGES WITH 41: * The systemd binary is installed /usr/lib/systemd/systemd now; An existing /sbin/init symlink needs to be adapted with the package update. * The code that loads kernel modules has been ported to invoke libkmod directly, instead of modprobe. This means we do not support systems with module-init-tools anymore. * Watchdog support is now already useful, but still not complete. * A new kernel command line option systemd.setenv= is understood to set system wide environment variables dynamically at boot. * We now limit the set of capabilities of systemd-journald. * We now set SIGPIPE to ignore by default, since it only is useful in shell pipelines, and has little use in general code. This can be disabled with IgnoreSIPIPE=no in unit files. Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Tom Gundersen, William Douglas CHANGES WITH 40: * This is mostly a bugfix release * We now expose the reason why a service failed in the "Result" D-Bus property. * Rudimentary service watchdog support (will be completed over the next few releases.) * When systemd forks off in order execute some service we will now immediately changes its argv[0] to reflect which process it will execute. This is useful to minimize the time window with a generic argv[0], which makes bootcharts more useful Contributions from: Alvaro Soliverez, Chris Paulson-Ellis, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Mike Kazantsev, Ray Strode CHANGES WITH 39: * This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many bugfixes. * New systemd-cgtop tool to show control groups by their resource usage. * Linking against libacl for ACLs is optional again. If disabled, support tracking device access for active logins goes becomes unavailable, and so does access to the user journals by the respective users. * If a group "adm" exists, journal files are automatically owned by them, thus allow members of this group full access to the system journal as well as all user journals. * The journal now stores the SELinux context of the logging client for all entries. * Add C++ inclusion guards to all public headers * New output mode "cat" in the journal to print only text messages, without any meta data like date or time. * Include tiny X server wrapper as a temporary stop-gap to teach XOrg udev display enumeration. This is used by display managers such as gdm, and will go away as soon as XOrg learned native udev hotplugging for display devices. * Add new systemd-cat tool for executing arbitrary programs with STDERR/STDOUT connected to the journal. Can also act as BSD logger replacement, and does so by default. * Optionally store all locally generated coredumps in the journal along with meta data. * systemd-tmpfiles learnt four new commands: n, L, c, b, for writing short strings to files (for usage for /sys), and for creating symlinks, character and block device nodes. * New unit file option ControlGroupPersistent= to make cgroups persistent, following the mechanisms outlined in http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PaxControlGroups * Support multiple local RTCs in a sane way * No longer monopolize IO when replaying readahead data on rotating disks, since we might starve non-file-system IO to death, since fanotify() will not see accesses done by blkid, or fsck. * Do not show kernel threads in systemd-cgls anymore, unless requested with new -k switch. Contributions from: Dan Horák, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michal Schmidt CHANGES WITH 38: * This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many bugfixes. * The git repository moved to: git://anongit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd ssh://git.freedesktop.org/git/systemd/systemd * First release with the journal http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-journal.html * The journal replaces both systemd-kmsg-syslogd and systemd-stdout-bridge. * New sd_pid_get_unit() API call in libsystemd-logind * Many systemadm clean-ups * Introduce remote-fs-pre.target which is ordered before all remote mounts and may be used to start services before all remote mounts. * Added Mageia support * Add bash completion for systemd-loginctl * Actively monitor PID file creation for daemons which exit in the parent process before having finished writing the PID file in the daemon process. Daemons which do this need to be fixed (i.e. PID file creation must have finished before the parent exits), but we now react a bit more gracefully to them. * Add colourful boot output, mimicking the well-known output of existing distributions. * New option PassCredentials= for socket units, for compatibility with a recent kernel ABI breakage. * /etc/rc.local is now hooked in via a generator binary, and thus will no longer act as synchronization point during boot. * systemctl list-unit-files now supports --root=. * systemd-tmpfiles now understands two new commands: z, Z for relabelling files according to the SELinux database. This is useful to apply SELinux labels to specific files in /sys, among other things. * Output of SysV services is now forwarded to both the console and the journal by default, not only just the console. * New man pages for all APIs from libsystemd-login. * The build tree got reorganized and a the build system is a lot more modular allowing embedded setups to specifically select the components of systemd they are interested in. * Support for Linux systems lacking the kernel VT subsystem is restored. * configure's --with-rootdir= got renamed to --with-rootprefix= to follow the naming used by udev and kmod * Unless specified otherwise we will now install to /usr instead of /usr/local by default. * Processes with '@' in argv[0][0] are now excluded from the final shut-down killing spree, following the logic explained in: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/RootStorageDaemons * All processes remaining in a service cgroup when we enter the START or START_PRE states are now killed with SIGKILL. That means it is no longer possible to spawn background processes from ExecStart= lines (which was never supported anyway, and bad style). * New PropagateReloadTo=/PropagateReloadFrom= options to bind reloading of units together. Contributions from: Bill Nottingham, Daniel J. Walsh, Dave Reisner, Dexter Morgan, Gregs Gregs, Jonathan Nieder, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt, Michał Górny, Ran Benita, Thomas Jarosch, Tim Waugh, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek |